2. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA57 WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT

3. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation OBJECTIVE CA58 Identify types of potential chemical accidents and associated hazards

4. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA59 Can be defined in several ways –an unplanned release of chemical warfare agent into environment at levels which exceed those permitted by state or federal regulations –more conservative definition is any unplanned event that could lead to the release of chemical warfare agent AN ACCIDENT...

5. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation Important to know amount of material accidentally released Amount of material released called “source term” Source term and weather conditions at time of release determine –how far downwind hazardous materials will travel –concentration of chemical warfare agent to which people could be exposed CA60 SIZE OF ACCIDENT

6. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA61 PROXIMITY TO POTENTIAL ACCIDENT SITE Also important to know how close people might be to a potential accident site and their location with respect to airborne agent plume Illustrated CSEPP installation and community

7. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA62 ACCIDENT LIKELIHOOD Most likely accidents are small ones that do not pose a threat except to someone in very close proximity to accident Large accidents (source terms large enough to pose a threat to community) have much lower probability of occurring Unlikely that an accident will cause injury or death to anyone

8. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation Engineers and scientists systematically studied different ways accidents could occur and estimated how likely events were that caused an accident They estimated probabilities of many different accidents and calculated number of fatalities that could occur for each accident They calculated the consequences of each accident Risk = ProbabilityFor of X Consequences ∑ all Accident (Times)(Summed) Events CA63 WHAT IS MEANT BY UNLIKELY? Calculation of risk

9. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA64 POTENTIAL ACCIDENT TYPES AND HAZARDS If accident large enough to pose threat to public, dominant hazard is from breathing air in which agent exists as vapor Paths for liquid chemical warfare agent to travel from accident to off-site are limited and relatively easy to block therefore people off-site unlikely to encounter liquid agent

10. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA65 THREE BASIC TYPES OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS 1.Spill 2.Explosion 3.Fire

11. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA66 SPILL (not to scale) Onto ground or other surfaces Resulting puddle of agent (liquid deposition) can evaporate into vapor and drift downwind Example of a plume resulting from a spill

12. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA67 (not to scale) EXPLOSION Causes droplets of agent to be formed Larger, heavier droplets quickly fall to ground (deposition) Releases vapors and aerosols (smaller droplets and particles) that can travel greater distances Example of a plume resulting from an explosion

13. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA68 FIRE (not to scale) Both aerosols and vapors are formed Vapors and aerosols lifted higher into air because of heat from fire Hazard similar to those of an explosion Example of a plume resulting from a fire

14. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA69 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROSOLS AND VAPORS Think of a chemical agent release in terms of hair spray coming from a spray can: –when spray is release, it is an aerosol –larger particles and/or droplets are deposited near point of release –particles quickly fall out of air onto hair and skin –person across room can smell hair spray from breathing vapors released

15. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA70 It is very unlikely the public would be exposed to droplets and aerosols Particles will mostly fall out of plume (via deposition) by time plume reaches installation boundary WHAT IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS?

16. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA71 VAPOR HAZARD For most accidents, the primary health hazard comes from vapors when they are breathed in or come in contact with skin or eyes Agent vapors pose greatest hazard when inhaled because they are rapidly absorbed by lung tissues Lethal dosage for agent vapor breathed in is several times lower than lethal dosage for vapor contact with skin

17. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation ACCIDENT CATEGORIES Selection of protective action strategies contingent on characteristics of accident Accident categories are group of accident scenarios bound together by common source terms and meteorological conditions Designed to support grouping of large number of protective action strategies Each installation has set of accident categories CA72

18. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CHEMICAL EVENT EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEM Standard chemical accident notification Provides a common language between installation and off-site emergency responders Fosters clear understanding and ready reference for emergency response actions Off-site response consists of 4 levels –nonsurety (does not involve chemical warfare agents) –limited area, post-only, and community emergencies (involve chemical warfare agents) CA73

19. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation NON-SURETY EMERGENCY General interest to public Poses no chemical surety hazard Action: Notification to IRZ designated points of contact CA74 Illustrated CSEPP installation and community Army Installation Boundary Limited Area Boundary

20. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA75 Illustrated CSEPP installation and community Plume Army Installation Boundary Limited Area Boundary LIMITED AREA EMERGENCY Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage does not extend beyond chemical limited area Action: Notification of IRZ and State points-of-contact –IRZ emergency response officials may go to level of readiness

21. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation POST-ONLY EMERGENCY CA76 Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage extends beyond chemical limited boundary but not installation boundary Not expected to present danger to off-site public Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, and State-designated points-of-contact –IRZ response organizations mobilize –precautionary protective actions may be initiated in nearby areas Illustrated CSEPP installation and community Plume Army Installation Boundary Limited Area Boundary

22. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation COMMUNITY EMERGENCY Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage extends beyond installation boundary Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, and State-designated points-of-contact –all emergency response organizations mobilize –IRZ and affected PAZ areas implement specified protective actions CA77 Illustrated CSEPP installation and community Plume Army Installation Boundary Limited Area Boundary

23. © 1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation Army’s detection capability consists of low-level and gross-level detectors Any vapor detection efforts off-site would be conducted by Army survey teams using appropriate equipment CA78 CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT DETECTION