1. 1. Experiment, Trial and Outcome 2. Sample Space 3. Event 4. Special Events 5. Events As Sets 6. Mutually Exclusive Events 1

2. 2 An experiment is an activity with an observable outcome. Each repetition of the experiment is called a trial. In each trial we observe the outcome of the experiment.

3. 3 Experiment 1: Flip a coin Trial: One coin flipOutcome: Heads Experiment 2: Allow a conditioned rat to run a maze containing three possible paths Trial: One runOutcome: Path 1 Experiment 3: Tabulate the amount of rainfall in New York, NY in a year Trial: One yearOutcome: 37.23 in.

4. 4 The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space of the experiment. So each outcome is an element of the sample space.

5.  An experiment consists of throwing two dice, one red and one green, and observing the numbers on the uppermost face on each. What is the sample space S of this experiment?  Each outcome of the experiment can be regarded as an ordered pair of numbers, the first representing the number on the red die and the second number on the green die. 5

6.  S = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6) (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6) (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6) (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)} 6

7.  An event E is a subset of the sample space. We say that the event occurs when the outcome of the experiment is an element of E. 7

8.  For the experiment of rolling two dice, describe the events  E 1 = {The sum of the numbers is greater than 9};  E 2 = {The sum of the numbers is 7 or 11}.  E 1 = {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}  E 2 = {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1), (5,6),  (6,5)} 8

9. 9 Let S be the sample space of an experiment. The event corresponding to the empty set, , is called the impossible event, since it can never occur. The event corresponding to the sample space itself, S, is called the certain event because the outcome must be in S.

10. 10 Let E and F be two events of the sample space S. The event where either E or F or both occurs is designated by E F. The event where both E and F occurs is designated by E F. The event where E does not occur is designated by E '.

11. 11 For the experiment of rolling two dice, let E 1 = “The sum of the numbers is greater than 9” and E 3 = “The numbers on the two dice are equal”. Determine the sets E 1 E 3, E 1 E 3, and (E 1 E 3 )'.

12. 12 E 1 = {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)} E 3 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)} E 1 E 3 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)} E 1 E 3 = {(5,5), (6,6)} (E 1 E 3 )' = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3)}

13. 13 Let E and F be events in a sample space S. Then E and F are mutually exclusive (or disjoint ) if E F =. If E and F are mutually exclusive, then E and F cannot simultaneously occur; if E occurs, then F does not; and if F occurs, then E does not.

14. 14 For the experiment of rolling two dice, which of the following events are mutually exclusive? E 1 = “The sum of the dots is greater than 9” E 2 = “The sum of the dots is 7 or 11” E 3 = “The dots on the two dice are equal”

15. 15 E 1 = {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)} E 2 = {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1), (5,6), (6,5)} E 3 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)} E 1 E 2 = {(5,6), (6,5)} - Not mutually exclusive E 1 E 3 = {(5,5), (6,6)} - Not mutually exclusive E 2 E 3 = - Mutually exclusive

16.  The sample space of an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes of the experiment. Each subset of the sample space is called an event. We say that an event occurs when the outcome is an element of the event.  The event E F occurs when either E or F or both occurs. The event E F occurs when both E and F occur. The event E ' occurs when E does not occur. 16

17.  Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur at the same time. 17