1. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

2. What is CSCW? Two or more people doing something together using various computer tools to get the job done using computer mediated communication (CMC)

3. CSCW & CMC (computer-mediated communication) Is electronic communication different from other modes of communication? What is the impact on organizations? How does it affect decision making? What about privacy? How to support remote collaboration? Social aspects?

4. Multimedia communication Communication is both verbal and nonverbal Conversation is shaped by the medium. Different media have different affordances and different grounding costs.  Affordances enable or support different things.  Costs can be problematic and can influence people’s choice of medium.

5. Multimedia communication Next: an example of people doing the same task, but  using speech only, vs.  using both speech and visual information  Consider: How does the medium shape communication?

6. Effects of visual evidence on grounding Director & Matcher had copies of the same map The task was to get M’s car icon aligned with D’s Half the time, D could see M’s car on D’s map (visual plus verbal evidence) Half the time, D couldn’t see M’s car (verbal evidence only) Measure: convergence over time (Brennan, 1990)

7. Example 1: D cannot see M’s icon D: #you're in the upper far far upper corner of the screen, it says Sea Street? M: *yah* D: *way* at the top? M: yeh[icon in correct location] D: you're you're just a little bit on the rooad, and the corner of your car is touching A of Sea. but you're mostly off the road. the road is to your right. just a- touching *the car.* M: *the road* is to the right of the car? D: put the road- put the car right on the road and you'll overlap me. M: ok.

8. Example 2: D sees what M is doing D: ok, now we're gonna go over to M-Memorial Church? and park right in Memor- [icon in correct location] right there. that's *good.* M: *that's* rude, to park in the church. D: hheh heh

9. D: ok now we're goin:g-umm north- east? uh wait stop ok, that body of water there's uh Snoot what'uz that say? Shoot Flying? M: yup D: Hill Road? ok, you wanna park right on thee Fly. right there. good. Visual co-presence & installments

10. With verbal evidence only:

11. Presentation phase Acceptance phase

12. With visual and verbal evidence

13. “Ok, right there!”

14. The point: Grounding is much easier in a visual task when one person can see what the other is doing  This is because the Matcher can provide evidence of understanding while the Director is speaking (so the presentation phase is done in parallel with the acceptance phase).  Also, one person (the Matcher) adjusts to what the other (the Director) can see.

15. In ordinary communication, the medium people choose is affected by their purpose When might you choose the phone, vs. face-to-face, vs. email, vs. texting?  Checking in with your parents  Checking in with your best friend  Asking someone for a favor  Turning down a request for a favor from a casual acquaintance  Asking a professor for an extension  Asking your TA for help with a problem

16. Some affordances of media: Copresence Visibility Audibility Interactivity Simultaneity Reviewability Revisibility (Clark & Brennan, 1991)

17. Grounding in Media - some costs Start-up costs Production costs Reception costs Understanding costs Display costs Repair costs Turn-taking costs Face management costs

18. 2 Dimensions of CSCW: PLACE SameDifferent (co-located) (remote) Same (synchronous) TIME Different (asynchronous)

19. A. Same time, same place Face-to-face communication 2 people in front of the same computer Electronically equipped meeting room Computerized classroom (like this one)

20. B. Same time, different place Telephone Text teleconferencing Video teleconferencing Shared editors (audio channel added) Active badge technology

21. C. Different time, same place Leaving a note on the fridge Project scheduling and coordination tools Version control

22. D. Different time, different place Letters Email Bboards Electronic journals

23. Dimensions of CSCW: PLACE SameDifferent (co-located) (remote) Same (synchronous) TIME Different (asynchronous)

24. Advances in email Automated filtering (mail agents) Multimedia and attachments Structured messages  Information Lens (Malone) –Template-based messages of different types –Enables automatic filtering  The Coordinator (Flores & Winograd) –Made speech acts explicit (PRS Ch. 4,130-133) –e.g., acknowledge, promise, counter-offer, decline, free-form (used most often!)

25. Email & organizations (Sara Kiesler) Egalitarian Broadcastable (pros and cons) Recipient may be ambiguous Blurs differences: formal & informal Flaming Anonymity One of several communication modes

26. Meeting and Decision Support Argumentation tools  Asynchronous, co-located Meeting rooms  Synchronous, co-located Shared drawing surfaces  Synchronous, remote

27. Electronic whiteboards Needed: “floor control” (whose turn is it?) Who is writing? How to point? Anonymity - pros and cons

28. Video teleconferencing Advantages  Is a picture worth a thousand words?  Facial expression, body language, etc.  Know who is talking in a multi-person mtg  Family get-togethers, etc.

29. Video teleconferencing Issues or disadvantages  Hard to frame large groups, locate camera  Video window/wall - can’t walk to camera  Eye-contact is difficult  Picturephone was an invasion of privacy  Requires lots of bandwidth  Difficulty in feeling co-present What is video really useful for, anyway?

30. When is video useful? To see the same document or screen Live, broadcast lectures To see the same object in the world  Kraut’s VR repair application (WYSIWIS) Maybe, to keep up with friends & relatives...

31. Awareness mechanisms Video windows Shared representations (dynamic or static)  If dynamic, lets you monitor task progress Avatars representing real people (vs. agents) Notification of individuals logging in or out Texting and interactivity Facebook  “Meeting” new people vs. ability to find long-lost people  Additional info about status or state  Privacy issues

32. Some conclusions: The affordances of the medium shape the conversation that takes place. The media people use for communicating shape their relationships. The effects of media on relationships shape organizations.