1. Phobias zIntense, irrational fear that may focus on: ycategory of objects yevent or situation ysocial setting

2. Phobias zIt is not phobic to simply be anxious about something Afraid of it Bothers slightlyNot at all afraid of it Being closed in, in a small place Being alone in a house at night Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 SnakesBeing in high, exposed places MiceFlying on an airplane Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning DogsDriving a car Being in a crowd of people Cats Study of normal anxieties

3. Specific Phobias zSpecific phobias - fear of specific object yanimals (e.g., snakes) ysubstances (e.g., blood) ysituations (e.g., heights) ymore often in females than males

4. Social Phobias zSocial phobias - fear of failing or being embarrassed in public ypublic speaking (stage fright) yfear of crowds, strangers ymeeting new people yeating in public zConsidered phobic if these fears interfere with normal behavior zEqually often in males and females

5. Development of Phobias zClassical conditioning model ye.g., dog = CS, bite = UCS yproblems: xoften no memory of a traumatic experience xtraumatic experience may not produce phobia zSeligman’s preparedness theory

6. Mood Disorders zDepressive disorders ydepression of mood zBipolar disorders ycycling between depression and mania (extreme euphoria)

7. Depression zSymptoms include: ysadness yfeelings of worthlessness ychanges in sleep ychanges in eating yanhedonia ysuicidal behavior

8. Depression zMajor Depression yprolonged, very severe depression ylasts without remission for at least 2 weeks zDysthymia yless severe, but long-lasting depression ylasts for at least 2 years zCan have both at the same time zWomen diagnosed far more often than men

9. Biological Bases for Depression zNeurotransmitter theories ydopamine ynorepinephrine yserotonin (observations on REM) zGenetic component ymore closely related people show similar histories of depression

10. Situational Bases for Depression zPositive correlation between stressful life events and onset of depression yIs life stress causal of depression? zMost depressogenic life events are losses yspouse or companion ylong-term job yhealth yincome

11. Cognitive Bases for Depression zA.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic views of ythemselves ythe world ythe future zDepressed people distort their experiences in negative ways yexaggerate bad experiences yminimize good experiences

12. Cognitive Bases for Depression zHopelessness theory ydepression results from a pattern of thinking yperson loses hope that life will get better ynegative experiences are due to stable, global reasons xe.g., “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the interview didn’t go well”

13. Depressive Realism: Sadder- but-wiser effect zAlloy and Abrahamson: normals: overestimate control over positive events, underestimate control over negative events; overestimate skills depressed: more accurate zdistinguish between realistic and adaptive

14. Seasonal Affective Disorder zCyclic severe depression and elevated mood zSeasonal regularity zUnique cluster of symptoms yintense hunger ygain weight in winter ysleep more than usual ydepressed more in evening than morning

15. Bipolar Disorders zCyclic disorders zMood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (mania) zNo regular relationship to time of year (like SAD) zBipolar disorder is severe form zCyclothymia is less severe form zStrong heritable component zBipolar disorder often treated with lithium

16. Somatoform Disorders zBodily ailments in absence of any physical disease zExamples are conversion disorder and somatization disorder

17. Psychological Influences on Physical Symptoms and Diseases

18. Conversion Disorder zPerson temporarily loses some bodily function yblindness, deafness, paralyzed portion of body yglove anesthesia zNo physical damage to cause problems

19. Conversion Disorder zRare in western culture now yrelatively common 100 years ago yprominent in Freud’s work/clients zOften see examples in non-Western people exposed to traumatic event ye.g., high rate of psychological blindness in Cambodian women after Khmer Rouge reign of terror in 1970s

20. Somatization Disorder zKleinman’s theory ysomatization and depression are different manifestations of the same problem ycross-cultural research xpattern of somatoform disorders affected by cultural beliefs

21. Psychological factors and medical condition zTraumatic Grief ystudied people’s health before and after death of spouse y25 months following death of a spouse xsurviving spouses had increased incidences of flu, heart disease, cancer

22. Immune function & emotional distress zEmotional distress shuts down some bodily defenses against pathogens ymakes person more vulnerable to infectious diseases zSome studies ytemporary decrease in T-cells following frustrating cognitive task yonly in people who also showed other signs of physiological distress to task

23. zExposed group of people to cold virus zQuarantined for 6 days zDistressed develop cold more easily zNot due to other risk factors like: ysmoking ydiet ysleep Cohen, et al. (1991) 11-12 Score on psychological distress scale 3-4 5-67-89-10 50 45 40 35 30 25 Percentage who developed colds