1. Sex and Emotion

2. Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones – Development of sexual characteristics – Activate sexual behavior Estrogen – sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females – female sex characteristics – In nonhuman females peak during ovulation increasing receptivity Testosterone – Sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by males – Male sex characteristics in fetus and puberty

3. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

4. Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender. Heterosexual Homosexual Sexual orientation statistics – 3-4% men; 1-2% women Erotic plasticity – women more likely to feel bisexual attraction, more changeable than men in sexual orientation

5. How is Sexual Orientation Determined There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. Indicates it is likely biologically determined.

6. The Brain Simon LeVay - cluster of cells in hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men. Right hemisphere larger in heterosexual men, and lesbian women Diffences are very early postnatally if not prenatally

7. Fraternal Birth Order Effect men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay (about 1/3 more likely for each additional older brother) Blanchard study – maternal immune defense response to foreign substances produced by male fetus – preventing fetus brain from developing in male-typical pattern.

8. Prenatal Environment Hormonal levels in the prenatal environment – elevated rates of homosexual orientation in identical and fraternal twins – exposure to hormone levels typical for female fetus predisposes the person to be attracted to males (whether male or female) – Fingerprint ridges are higher in right hand than left in heterosexual males

9. Genes Genes – homosexuality does run in families – identical twins more likely to share a homosexual orientation – Studies on female fruit-flys – single gene determins sexual orientation and behavior

10. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

11. Emotion Emotion – basic components: – Physiological arousal (heart beating) – Expressive behaviors (quickened pace) – Consciously expressed thoughts

12. 4Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Two-Factor Theory Opponent-Process Theory

13. James-Lange Theory Emotions are experienced in the following sequence: a) an emotional stimulus is presented, causing one to experience b)physiological reactions, which are c)consciously experienced as an emotion. Different emotions have physiological differences Examples: See Jason (1)heart pounds (2)feel afraid – “When you feel your heart pound and you start to sweat, you get really scared”

14. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The emotional stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological change and cognitive awareness Emotional stimulus is simultaneously routed to cerebral cortex (awareness of emotion)and sympathetic nervous system (body arousal) Example: – See Jason – Heart Pounding and Fear occur simultaneously

15. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion AKA Schachter-Singer Theory Experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation/label of that arousal. The label people give an emotion depends on what they find in their environment. Arousal without a label is not an emotion; a label without arousal does not lead to emotional behavior. Experiments Spillover Effect Example: – See Jason – Heart Pounds, “Im Afraid” – Feel afraid – Or is it because your in love with Jason??? Cognitive Label “I’m Afraid”

16. Spill Over Effect Spill over effect- emotional arousal from one event spills over into our response of the next event – Supports Schachter-Singer Theory – Example: After working out, Mr. Gielink gets more irritated with his children’s bad behavior

17. Theories of emotions

18. Opponent Process Theory Richard Solomon Every emotion triggers an opposing emotion – Happiness/Sadness – Fear/Relief – Pleasure Pain – Love/Hate Emotions disrupt homeostasis…opposing emotion enables a return to homeostasis Example: – A skydiver experiences extreme fear in her initial jump, which turned into great relief when she lands

19. Theories of Emotion Practice Paul encounters a growling wild animal, and feels a faster heartbeat, widening eyes, and a physical urge to flee. Monica is smiling and laughing and wants to hug Mrs. Joseph because she just received a 5 on her AP Psych Exam. Zak just received a 1 on his AP Psych Exam (because he has Mr. Jeter…just kidding Mr. Jeter) and feels a pounding in his chest, perspiration runs down his face and he has an urge to hit someone. Use each of the theories of emotion to explain Paul, Monica and Zak’s emotions

20. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system – regulates physiological arousal of emotion – Sympathetic nervous system Arousing – Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) energize and mobilize – Parasympathetic nervous system Calming – Moderate arousal is ideal Higher on well-learned tasks

21. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

22. Brain Differences and Emotion Brain activity is different depending on emotion - consistent with James-Lange Theory – Amygdala – fear – Thalamus/ Right Hemisphere – anger – Right prefrontal cortex/frontal lobe – disgust – Left prefrontal cortex/Frontal lobe - Joy Nucleus accumbens – pleasure (smiling, laughing) – Anterior Singulate Cortex - lying

23. Cognition and Emotion Some emotions occur without cognition, by- passing the cortex Go directly from thalamus to amygdala = fast/ automatic emotional response

24. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

25. Culture and Emotional Expression

26. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

27. Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear – amygdala

28. Anger – Evoked by events – Catharsis Catharsis – Expressing anger can increase anger

29. Happiness – Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – Well-being Well-being

30. Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

31. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

33. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience – Adaptation-level phenomenon Adaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others’ attainments – Relative deprivation Relative deprivation

34. Theories of emotions