1. Glass-ceramics and ceramics as biomaterials for dental restoration Derby, UK, September, 2007 W. Höland, V. Rheinberger, E. Apel, Ch. Ritzberger, H. Kappert Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Li-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein

2. Outline II.Glass-ceramics as biomaterials for dental restoration 1. Leucite-apatite 2. Leucite 3. Lithium disilicate and apatite III. Ceramics as biomaterials for dental restoration 1. ZrO 2 2. Fusion of ceramic and apatite glass-ceramic I. Fundamentals on ceramic and glass-ceramic technology IV. Summary

3. I. Fundamentals of ceramic technology chemical composition microstructure properties application nucleation crystallization processing applied processing I W. Höland & G.H. Beall, Glass-ceramic technology. The American Ceramic Society, 2002, and J. Wiley, 2006 W. Höland, Glaskeramik, vdf / UTB, 2006

4. I. Fundamentals of ceramic technology I controlled nucleation and crystallization relationship between microstructure and properties designing of glass-ceramics and ceramics

5. II. Dental glass-ceramics as restorative BIOMATERIALS 12 3 II glass-ceramic as single units (metal-free) glass-ceramic on a metal framework glass-ceramic as multi-unit bridge (metal-free)

6. 1. Leucite-apatite glass-ceramic 1 µm SEM (10 sec, 2.5% HF) 700 °C / 8 h + 1050 °C / 1 h leucite powdermonolith apatite 700 °C / 8 h + 1050 °C / 1 h 2 µm II

7. 2. Opal leucite glass-ceramic surface crystallization and volume surface volume phase separation 20 µm 1 µm 900 °C/1h SEM,1.25 %HF, 4s 1020 °C/1h II

8. Processing by molding Processing by molding glaciers long term viscous flow II v i s c o u s f l o w

9. 2. Leucite glass-ceramics molding furnace chamber (1075, or 1180 °C) pressure unit pressing plunger (1.8 - 2.0 MPa) Al 2 O 3 plunger glass-ceramic ingot specimen investment cylinder II IPS Empress ® lost wax technique mold

10. processing by CAD/CAM: fast increasing technology machinabilty CAD System II leucite-type glass-ceramics 2. Leucite glass-ceramics

11. 3.a) lithium disilicate and 3.b) apatite glass-ceramic lithium disilicate gc apatite gc IPS Empress ® 2, IPS Eris ® II

12. 3. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramics Properties [1]Leucite glass-ceramicLithium disilicate glass ceramic (state of the art) Flexural strength 140 ± 10 MPa400 ± 40 MPa K IC 1.3±0.1MPam 0.5 3.3 ± 0.3 MPa m 0.5 Translucency0.580.55 C.T.E.15.0±0.2510 -6 /K (25 – 500 °C) 10.6 ± 0.25 10 -6 /K (100 – 400 °C) Chemical durability100 µg/cm 2 50 µg/cm 2 [1] dental standard ISO 6872 II

13. 3. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic 5 µm SEM (3 s, ceramex) final product 920 °C, pressing crystallinity: 65 Vol.% Li 2 Si 2 O 5 II IPS e.max ®

14. III. Ceramics as biomaterials for dental restoration III 1. ZrO 2 2. Fusion of ceramic and apatite glass-ceramic

15. properties of the final product 1m1m biocompatible crystallite size ~0.5-0.65  m density ~99.5% flexural strength>900MPa K IC approx. 6 MPa· m 1/2  100-400°C approx. 10.5 10 -6 K -1 m/m Sintramat SEM

16. 1 µm SEM (3 % HF, 10 s) apatite glass-ceramic natural dentin biomimetic process nature as example 1 µm Glass-ceramic as veneering material III 2. fusion of ceramic and apatite glass-ceramic

17. IV. Summary Glass-ceramic and ceramics as biomaterials for dental restoration designing the biomaterials: control the microstructure and to predict special properties based on new technologies high strength, tough, durable materials natural appearance, optical properties close to those of natural tooth processing: molding or machining - effective technologies veneering: sintering with fluoroapatite containing glass-ceramic IV