1. Scrolls from the Judean Desert June 29–December 31 San Diego Natural History Museum

2. Introduction ► DSS provide vital information: ●Judaism (300 B.C. – A.D. 135) ●Text of the Old Testament ► Discovered 1947-48 ► Publication of finds took over 50 years. Muhammad ed Dhib (“The Wolf”)

3. Scrolls & Fragments ► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek

4. Scrolls & Fragments ► ► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek ► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nah i al H i ever, Wadi Murabba‘at

5. Ancient scrolls in jars near Jericho (3rd and 8th centuries A.D.) Essene community; 11 nearby caves Jewish suicide pact in the face of the Roman army

6. Sites of Manuscript Discoveries around the Dead Sea 214+

7. Qumran Caves Psalms Scroll and Temple Scroll 140 Biblical Scrolls Isaiah Scrolls, Habakkuk Commentary, “Rules” Scroll, War Scroll, Thanksgiving Hymns Copper (Treasure) Scroll Greek Texts Only Amos, Damascus Document Song of Songs

8. Scrolls & Fragments ► ► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek ► ► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at ► 900 different texts

9. ► ► 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek ► ► 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at ► ► 900 different texts ► Thousands of fragments Scrolls & Fragments 1Q22 (1QDM) The Words of Moses

10. Qumran Scrolls Psalms36 Psalms36 Deuteronomy30 Deuteronomy30 Isaiah21 Isaiah21 Genesis19 Genesis19 Esther absent Esther absent Nehemiah? Nehemiah?

11. Qumran Pentateuch Scrolls Genesis19 Genesis19 Exodus17 Exodus17 Leviticus13 Leviticus13 Numbers 7 Numbers 7 Deuteronomy30 Deuteronomy30

12. Hebrew Scripts ► Paleo-Hebrew Script = Phoenician ► Jewish Script = Square Script = Aramaic h w h y

13. Verse by Verse Commentary 1QpHab Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran Cave 1 Habakkuk 1-2 rvp “The interpretation of the passage is that God will not destroy his people by the hand of the nations, but into the hand of his chosen ones God will give the judgment of all the nations. …”

14. Great Isaiah Scroll ► Longest of the DSS scrolls ► Full text of Isaiah 1QIs a col. liv col. liii

15. 1QIs a col. xliv St. Mark’s Monastery Isaiah Scroll 1st Isaiah scroll found in Qumran Cave 1 Isaiah52:13-54:4 `dao)m. Hb;Þg"w> aF'²nIw> ~Wrôy" yDI_b.[; lyKiÞf.y: hNEïhi Qumran manuscripts spell daom. as: dam, hdam, dwam, hdawm, and hdwm ^yl,[' = hkyl[

16. 1QIs a (Isaiah 40:6-20) hb'v.n"å hw"ßhy> x:Wrï yKi² #yciê lbe(n"å ‘rycix' vbeÛy" #yci_ lbe(n"å ryciÞx' vbeîy" `~['(h' ryciÞx' !kEïa' AB+ s `~l'(A[l. ~Wqïy" WnyheÞl{a/- rb;d>W

17. Types of Differences Between 1QIs b and Codex Leningrad B19 A Orthography107 Addition of conjunctive waw 16 Lack of conjunctive waw 13 Article (addition/omission) 4 Differences in consonants 10 Missing letters 5 Differences in number 14 Differences in pronouns 6 Different grammatical forms 24 Different prepositions 9 Different words 11 Omission of words 5 Addition of words 6 Different sequence 4

18. Examples of Differences ► Isaiah 6:3 ●MT: “holy, holy, holy”; Q: “holy, holy” ► Isaiah 12:4 ●MT: “you (pl.) will say”; Q: “you (sing.) …” ► Isaiah 37:25 ●MT: “waters”; Q: “strange waters” (2 Kgs 19:24) ► Isaiah 53:11 ●MT: “he shall see”; Q: “he shall see light”

19. 4QpaleoLev Paleo-Hebrew Manuscript of Leviticus from Qumran Cave 4 larfy 7:34 wynb 7:35 rva 7:36 wy ynb

20. Psalms 93-150 + 8 Noncanonical Psalms 11QPs a 1st Psalms scroll found in Qumran Cave 11 No Poetic Format Different Order xvxvixvii 135:17-21; 136:1-16 136:26; 118:1, 15-16, 8-9, 29; 145:1-7 145:13-21+154:3-19 xviii

21. Textual Status of the 210+ Biblical Texts from Qumran Written in Qumran Practice20% May have used proto-Masoretic texts. Proto-Masoretic Texts [60%]35% Pre-Samaritan Texts 5% Septuagintal Affinity Texts 5% Non-aligned Texts [15%]35% Sometimes agree significantly with Masoretic Text.

22. Qumran’s 210+ Biblical Texts MT 35% Samaritan Pentateuch LXX 5% Non- Aligned Qumran Practice

23. QUMRAN DEAD SEA HILLS of MOAB WADI QUMRAN CAVE 4

24. Khirbet Qumran

25. Archaeological Debate Inkwells Scriptorium?

26. DSS & New Testament 7Q5 “Mark” Fragment? ► All fragments in Cave 7 are Greek. ► Some: Book of Enoch.

27. Zechariah scroll fragment found in Nahal Hever cave Zechariah scroll fragment found in Nahal H i ever Cave Zech 9:2 Ha as Hamath also [which borders on i]t, Tyre and Si[don, though th]ey are very wise 8H i evXIIgr

28. MASADA Herod’s Palace on the North End of Masada

29. ORIGINAL HEBREW TEXT SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH DEAD SEA SCROLLS SYRIAC PESHITTA HEXAPLA LATIN VULGATE OT Textual Evidence 400-100 B.C. 300 B.C.-A.D. 50 250-150 B.C. A.D. 125-400 A.D. 230 A.D. 390-404 OLDEST HEBREW MANUSCRIPT A.D. 850 Before 400 B.C. Before 1947, 1250-Year Gap between Hebrew Texts SEPTUAGINT

30. Publications