1. Waste on land

2. Environment Conservation Act 73 of 1989 Repealed by NEM: Waste Act Repealed by NEM: Waste Act Separate Act required for comprehensive management. Separate Act required for comprehensive management. Regulations made in terms of ECA: thickness of plastic bags Regulations made in terms of ECA: thickness of plastic bags Until recently control authority for waste disposal sites was the Min of Water Affairs & Forestry but now its the Min of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Until recently control authority for waste disposal sites was the Min of Water Affairs & Forestry but now its the Min of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.

3. The Department of Water Affairs & Forestry made guidelines for the classification of Waste as hazerdous and non as well as setting a maximum limit for amounts of waste to be processed per day. The Department of Water Affairs & Forestry made guidelines for the classification of Waste as hazerdous and non as well as setting a maximum limit for amounts of waste to be processed per day.

4. National Environmental Management: Waste Act 59 of 2008 ECA inadequate to deal with every facet of environmental management. ECA inadequate to deal with every facet of environmental management. DEAT published WP on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management in March 2000 DEAT published WP on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management in March 2000 Focused on the minimisation of waste. Focused on the minimisation of waste. Most of subject matter dealt with in new Act was not directly dealt with in ECA. Most of subject matter dealt with in new Act was not directly dealt with in ECA. Powers could broadly be interpreted to address specific subjects mentioned in the new Act. ECA only directly dealt with disposal sites and littering. Powers could broadly be interpreted to address specific subjects mentioned in the new Act. ECA only directly dealt with disposal sites and littering.

5. Preamble Sustainable Development! Requires the generation of waste to be avoided and where it cannot be avoided, be reduced, re-used, recycled or recovered and then only as a last resort treated and disposed of. Sustainable Development! Requires the generation of waste to be avoided and where it cannot be avoided, be reduced, re-used, recycled or recovered and then only as a last resort treated and disposed of.

6. Objects of the Act Protect health well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures to: Protect health well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures to: The objects of (his Act are— (a) to protect health, well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures for— (i) minimising the consumption of natural resources; (ii) avoiding and minimising the generation of waste; (iii) reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste; (iv) treating and safely disposing of waste as a last resort; (v) preventing pollution and ecological degradation; (vi) securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; (vii) promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services; (viii) remediating land where contamination presents, or may present, a significant risk of harm to health or the environment: and (ix) achieving integrated waste management reporting and planning; (b) to ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well-being and the environment; (c) to provide for compliance with the measures set out in paragraph (a)\ and (d) generally, to give effect to section 24 of the Constitution in order to secure an environment that is not harmful to health and well-being.

7. Broadly the Act deals with: Broadly the Act deals with: A National Waste Management Strategy, institutional and planning matters and waste management measures including licensing and technical aspects. A National Waste Management Strategy, institutional and planning matters and waste management measures including licensing and technical aspects. The Act requires the Minister to develop a Waste Management strategy within two years and must include the following: The Act requires the Minister to develop a Waste Management strategy within two years and must include the following:

8. (a) objectives, plans, guidelines, systems and procedures relating to the protection of the environment and the generation (including the avoidance and minimisation of such generation), re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment disposal, use. control and management of waste in order to achieve the objects of this Act; (b) mechanisms, systems and procedures for giving effect to the Republic's obligations in terms of relevant international agreements; (c) practical measures for achieving co-operative governance in waste manage environmental matters; (cl) guidance on raising awareness regarding the impact of waste on health and the environment; (e) approaches for securing compliance with the requirements of this Act, including the monitoring of compliance; and (/) any other matter that the Minister considers necessary for achieving the objects of this Act. The national waste management strategy may include targets for waste reduction.

9. Minister in charge of setting norms and standards classification of waste; planning for and provision of waste management services; storage, treatment and disposal of wate Minister in charge of setting norms and standards classification of waste; planning for and provision of waste management services; storage, treatment and disposal of wate National Waste Collection Standards 2011 National Waste Collection Standards 2011 Purpose is to bring waste services to those who have previously had not had access and generally improve services. Purpose is to bring waste services to those who have previously had not had access and generally improve services. These standards are to be implemented by local government authorities These standards are to be implemented by local government authorities

10. MEC is also empowered to make norms and standards, however they must not conflict with other standards. They must promote objectives. MEC is also empowered to make norms and standards, however they must not conflict with other standards. They must promote objectives. Norms and standards relating to minimisation, re-use and recycling must be set by provincial authority (national stds are only directory). Norms and standards relating to minimisation, re-use and recycling must be set by provincial authority (national stds are only directory).

11. Municipalities also have powers to determine ‘waste service standards’ at s 9 Municipalities also have powers to determine ‘waste service standards’ at s 9 Must deliver services to achieve objectives and ensure access of services to all. Must deliver services to achieve objectives and ensure access of services to all. The Minister, MEC’s and Municipalities must work in harmony. The Minister, MEC’s and Municipalities must work in harmony.

12. Chap 3 of Act: Institutional and planning matters. Chap 3 of Act: Institutional and planning matters. Provides for appointment of Waste Management Officers at all levels to coordinate. Provides for appointment of Waste Management Officers at all levels to coordinate. DEAT and provincial departments to develop integrated waste management plans. DEAT and provincial departments to develop integrated waste management plans. Describing how objectives are to be met and what challenges are faced in specific areas as well as a situation analysis eg. Population size Describing how objectives are to be met and what challenges are faced in specific areas as well as a situation analysis eg. Population size

13. Implementation of minimisation, re-use and recycling and give effect to ‘best environmnetal practice’. Implementation of minimisation, re-use and recycling and give effect to ‘best environmnetal practice’. Chap 4: Waste Management Measures Chap 4: Waste Management Measures The categories under this heading are: Priority waste; Duty in waste management; Reduction, re-use, recycling; Listed waste management activities; storage collection and transport; treatment processing and disposal; industrial waste management plans; contaminated land and other measures. The categories under this heading are: Priority waste; Duty in waste management; Reduction, re-use, recycling; Listed waste management activities; storage collection and transport; treatment processing and disposal; industrial waste management plans; contaminated land and other measures.

14. Minister enabled to declare ‘priority waste’ and state how to deal with it, including stopping all import and manufacture of such products. Minister enabled to declare ‘priority waste’ and state how to deal with it, including stopping all import and manufacture of such products. General duty in respect of waste management General duty in respect of waste management 16. (1) A holder of waste must, within the holder's power, take all reasonable 15 16. (1) A holder of waste must, within the holder's power, take all reasonable 15 measures t o— measures t o— (a) avoid the generation of waste and where such generation cannot be avoided, (a) avoid the generation of waste and where such generation cannot be avoided, to minimise the toxicity and amounts of waste that are generated; to minimise the toxicity and amounts of waste that are generated; (b) reduce, re-use, recycle and recover waste; (b) reduce, re-use, recycle and recover waste; (c) where waste must be disposed of, ensure that the waste is treated and disposed 20 (c) where waste must be disposed of, ensure that the waste is treated and disposed 20 of in an environmentally sound manner; of in an environmentally sound manner; (d) manage the waste in such a manner that it does not endanger health or the (d) manage the waste in such a manner that it does not endanger health or the environment or cause a nuisance through noise, odour or visual impacts; environment or cause a nuisance through noise, odour or visual impacts; (e) prevent any employee or any person under his or her supervision from (e) prevent any employee or any person under his or her supervision from contravening this Act; and 25 contravening this Act; and 25

15. (/) prevent the waste from being used for an unauthorised purpose. (/) prevent the waste from being used for an unauthorised purpose. (2) Any person who sells a product that may be used by the public and that is likely (2) Any person who sells a product that may be used by the public and that is likely to result in the generation of hazardous waste must take reasonable steps to inform the to result in the generation of hazardous waste must take reasonable steps to inform the public of the impact of that wasle on health and the environment. public of the impact of that wasle on health and the environment. (3) The measures contemplated in this section may include measures t o— 30 (3) The measures contemplated in this section may include measures t o— 30 (a) investigate, assess and evaluate the impact of the wasle in question on health (a) investigate, assess and evaluate the impact of the wasle in question on health or the environment; or the environment; (b) cease, modify or control any act or process causing the pollution, environmental (b) cease, modify or control any act or process causing the pollution, environmental degradation or harm to health; degradation or harm to health; (c) comply with any norm or standard or prescribed management practice; 35 (c) comply with any norm or standard or prescribed management practice; 35 (d) eliminate any source of pollution or environmental degradation; and (d) eliminate any source of pollution or environmental degradation; and (e) remedy the effects of the pollution or environmental degradation. (e) remedy the effects of the pollution or environmental degradation. (4) The Minister or MEC may issue regulations to provide guidance on how to (4) The Minister or MEC may issue regulations to provide guidance on how to discharge this duty or identify specilic requirements that must be given efleet to, after discharge this duty or identify specilic requirements that must be given efleet to, after following a consultative process in accordance with sections 72 and 73. 40 following a consultative process in accordance with sections 72 and 73. 40 (5) Subsection (4) need not be complied with if the regulation is amended in a (5) Subsection (4) need not be complied with if the regulation is amended in a

16. Any person who sells products to the public that might be a threat to health or the environment eg. Hazardous waste, must take reasonable steps to inform the public and Minister on environmental impact. Any person who sells products to the public that might be a threat to health or the environment eg. Hazardous waste, must take reasonable steps to inform the public and Minister on environmental impact. Minister may classify products that require ‘extended producer responsibility’. Minister may classify products that require ‘extended producer responsibility’. May also declare ‘listed activities’ which require a licence or compliance with notice. May also declare ‘listed activities’ which require a licence or compliance with notice.

17. Lists in terms of s19 published in 2009 Lists in terms of s19 published in 2009 Category ‘A’ and ‘B’. Category ‘A’ and ‘B’. ‘A’ requires basic assessment process ito chap 5 NEMA and ‘B’ an EIA because these include hazardous wastes. ‘A’ requires basic assessment process ito chap 5 NEMA and ‘B’ an EIA because these include hazardous wastes. Persons who store waste must take reasonable measure to ensure no contamination. Persons who store waste must take reasonable measure to ensure no contamination. If want to collect waste privately must register with municipality. If want to collect waste privately must register with municipality.

18. S 27 – if public access land must supply bins. S 27 – if public access land must supply bins. Chap 4 part 8 provides for contaminated land. Provisions not very comprehensive compared to UK & USA. Section applies retrospectively. Chap 4 part 8 provides for contaminated land. Provisions not very comprehensive compared to UK & USA. Section applies retrospectively. Minister may declare area ‘high risk’ if significant contamination. Minister may declare area ‘high risk’ if significant contamination. Min may assess site to determine situation. Min may assess site to determine situation.

19. Consideration of site assessment reports Consideration of site assessment reports 38. (1) On receipt of a site assessment report contemplated in section 37, the Minister 38. (1) On receipt of a site assessment report contemplated in section 37, the Minister or MEC, as the case may be, may, after consultation with the Minister of Water Affairs or MEC, as the case may be, may, after consultation with the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry and any other organ of state concerned, decide that— 30 and Forestry and any other organ of state concerned, decide that— 30 (a) the investigation area is contaminated, presents a risk to health or the (a) the investigation area is contaminated, presents a risk to health or the environment, and must be remediated urgently; environment, and must be remediated urgently; (b) the investigation area is contaminated, presents a risk to health or the (b) the investigation area is contaminated, presents a risk to health or the environment, and must be remediated within a specified period; environment, and must be remediated within a specified period; (c) the investigation area is contaminated and does not present an immediate risk. 35 (c) the investigation area is contaminated and does not present an immediate risk. 35 but that measures are required to address the monitoring and management of but that measures are required to address the monitoring and management of that risk; or that risk; or (d) the investigation area is not contaminated. (d) the investigation area is not contaminated. (2) If the Minister or MEC. as the case may be, decides that an investigation area is (2) If the Minister or MEC. as the case may be, decides that an investigation area is contaminated and requires remediation, the Minister or MEC must declare the land to be 40 contaminated and requires remediation, the Minister or MEC must declare the land to be 40 a remediation site and make such remediation order as is necessary to neutralise that a remediation site and make such remediation order as is necessary to neutralise that risk. risk. (3) If the Minister or MEC. as the case may be, decides that the investigation area does (3) If the Minister or MEC. as the case may be, decides that the investigation area does not present an immediate risk, but that measures are required to address the monitoring not present an immediate risk, but that measures are required to address the monitoring and management of that risk, the Minister or MEC may make an order specifying the 45 and management of that risk, the Minister or MEC may make an order specifying the 45 measures that must be taken. measures that must be taken. (4) Unless otherwise directed, a remediation order under subsection (2), an order (4) Unless otherwise directed, a remediation order under subsection (2), an order under subseciion (3) or a directive under section 37(1) must be complied with at the cost under subseciion (3) or a directive under section 37(1) must be complied with at the cost of the person against whom the order or directive is issued. of the person against whom the order or directive is issued. (5) The Minister or MEC, as the ease may be, may amend a remediation order if— 50 (5) The Minister or MEC, as the ease may be, may amend a remediation order if— 50 (a) ownership of the land is transferred and the new owner in writing assumes (a) ownership of the land is transferred and the new owner in writing assumes responsibility for the remediation; or responsibility for the remediation; or (b) new information or evidence warrants an amending the order. (b) new information or evidence warrants an amending the order.

20. If contaminated then declared a ‘remediation site’. Cost of remediation is with person ordered to do so. If contaminated then declared a ‘remediation site’. Cost of remediation is with person ordered to do so. Chap 5: Licensing Chap 5: Licensing MEC is the authority for issuing except for hazardous waste. MEC is the authority for issuing except for hazardous waste. Applicant must be a fit and proper person. Factors provided to determine. Applicant must be a fit and proper person. Factors provided to determine.

21. Chap 6: Waste Information system. Chap 6: Waste Information system. To provide info and aid to development of integrated waste management plan. To provide info and aid to development of integrated waste management plan. Offences: Failure to comply with duties or to comply with remediation order ito s 38(2) = maximum 10 million Rand fine or 10 years in prison. Offences: Failure to comply with duties or to comply with remediation order ito s 38(2) = maximum 10 million Rand fine or 10 years in prison. Compliance and enforcement provisions in NEMA are applicable. Compliance and enforcement provisions in NEMA are applicable.

22. Health Act 63 of 1977 Contains provisions that relate to waste and Nuisance. Contains provisions that relate to waste and Nuisance.

23. Conclusion Comprehensive statute for waste long overdue. Comprehensive statute for waste long overdue. Concerns: are provisions relating to contaminated land. Concerns: are provisions relating to contaminated land. Municipalities responsible for implementation but are behind on service delivery in general. Municipalities responsible for implementation but are behind on service delivery in general. Kidd suggests a less sophisticated Act focused on basics. Kidd suggests a less sophisticated Act focused on basics. Implementation in diff ways; compulsory deposit refund system; subsidised recycling. Implementation in diff ways; compulsory deposit refund system; subsidised recycling.

24. South Africa’s recycling stats are good in 2009 58% of paper was recycled and 69% of steel. South Africa’s recycling stats are good in 2009 58% of paper was recycled and 69% of steel. These stats are comparable to developed countries. These stats are comparable to developed countries. Dumping is our main disposal mech. Currently over 900 sites with half of those not being licenced. Dumping is our main disposal mech. Currently over 900 sites with half of those not being licenced. Litter is also a big problem 80 million per year. Litter is also a big problem 80 million per year.