1. The Rise of Industry US History and Government NY State Regents Exam Review

2. Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s and reached the United States by 1800s Began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s and reached the United States by 1800s New ways of making goods by machine in factories New ways of making goods by machine in factories As goods were made faster and cheaper demand increased, created more jobs, and more people moved into cities As goods were made faster and cheaper demand increased, created more jobs, and more people moved into cities

3. Modern Economy Emerges Expansion of railroads Expansion of railroads –Connected raw materials to factories and markets throughout the nation Growth of urban populations Growth of urban populations –Work, immigration, and more food Development of a national market Development of a national market Technological progress and advancement Technological progress and advancement New forms of business organization New forms of business organization –Corporations and stocks emerge Entrepreneurship (Carnegie/Rockefeller) Entrepreneurship (Carnegie/Rockefeller)

4. Big Business Consolidation Trusts and Monopolies form Trusts and Monopolies form –Companies work together to control a market or one company dominates the market  Railroads, steel industry, etc. Demand for reform grows Demand for reform grows –Interstate Commerce Act dealt with railroads –Sherman Ant-Trust Act dealt with monopolies

5. Problems for Workers Working conditions in the late 1800s were hazardous with thousands dying or injured every year Working conditions in the late 1800s were hazardous with thousands dying or injured every year Workers had little to no rights at all Workers had little to no rights at all No unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation, health insurance, or old- age insurance No unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation, health insurance, or old- age insurance

6. Labor Unions Workers formed unions, organizing and acting as a group Workers formed unions, organizing and acting as a group National unions started to form by 1869 National unions started to form by 1869 –Knights of Labor –American Federation of Labor Worked to improve conditions, get better wages and better hours Worked to improve conditions, get better wages and better hours

7. Government Attitude Late 1800s government favored business Late 1800s government favored business Big business had money, power, influence Big business had money, power, influence Public opinion favored laissez-faire policies Public opinion favored laissez-faire policies Unions were often thought of as violent Unions were often thought of as violent –Haymarket Square strike bombing in Chicago, 1886 Early 1900s public opinion changed Early 1900s public opinion changed –Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 Congress created the Department of Labor Congress created the Department of Labor –Strikes and Unions started to get more support from the government

8. Urbanization The movement of people from rural areas to cities (urban areas) The movement of people from rural areas to cities (urban areas) People lived in crowded conditions in apartments called tenements People lived in crowded conditions in apartments called tenements Political Machines ran cities as government was unable to keep up with growing populations Political Machines ran cities as government was unable to keep up with growing populations

9. Immigration Before 1880 most came from Northern and Western Europe (Old Immigrants) Before 1880 most came from Northern and Western Europe (Old Immigrants) –Most were Protestant except Irish Catholics After 1880 most came from Southern and Eastern Europe (New Immigrants) After 1880 most came from Southern and Eastern Europe (New Immigrants) –Mostly Catholics and Jews from  Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Russia  Did not speak English  Small numbers of Asians arrived as well

10. Americanized Most new immigrants faced hostility and discrimination from native-born Americans and other ethnic groups Most new immigrants faced hostility and discrimination from native-born Americans and other ethnic groups Children of immigrants learned English in school and became familiar with American customs, thus assimilating Children of immigrants learned English in school and became familiar with American customs, thus assimilating Nativism emerged from WASPs mostly toward new immigrants Nativism emerged from WASPs mostly toward new immigrants Immigration was restricted especially from Asia Immigration was restricted especially from Asia

11. Frontier The line between “settled” and “unsettled” The line between “settled” and “unsettled” Gradual westward movement since colonization of America by Europeans Gradual westward movement since colonization of America by Europeans By the Civil War settlers lived on both coasts and parts of the midwest By the Civil War settlers lived on both coasts and parts of the midwest

12. Settlement The last frontier was the Great Plains The last frontier was the Great Plains From 1860 to 1890 the Great Plains began to be divided up by settlers From 1860 to 1890 the Great Plains began to be divided up by settlers –Precious metals were discovered out west –Railroads started to crisscross the continent –Native Americans were forced off lands and onto Reservations –Buffalo and wild animals killed by the millions

13. Native Americans Indian Wars were fought between Native Americans and settlers (American forces) Indian Wars were fought between Native Americans and settlers (American forces) Reformers urged Americanization of Native American tribes Reformers urged Americanization of Native American tribes Dawes Act (1887) provided land to Native American families (160 acres) Dawes Act (1887) provided land to Native American families (160 acres) –Failure for not taking into account tribal traditions and customs