1. Nuclear Weapons: From the Cold War to the Present Dr. Adam B. Lowther Research Faculty Air Force Research Institute The views expressed are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the Air Force Research Institute

2. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 2 The Atom Bomb The Manhattan Project (1939-1946)

3. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 3 Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 4 Continued VideoVideo 1 Video 2Video

5. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 5 Schelling v. Kahn V. Counter-force v. Counter-value

6. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 6 Deterrence Deterrence: The prevention from action by fear of the consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counter-action.—DoD “Deterrence, on the other hand, involves preventing an action that has not yet materialized from occurring in the first place.”—Byman, Waxman, and Larson

7. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 7 Dissuasion “This report defines dissuasion as actions taken to increase the target’s perception of the anticipated costs and/or decrease its perception of the likely benefits from developing, expanding, or otherwise undesirable from a US perspective.”—Krepinevich and Martinage “Dissuasion is the ‘flip side’ of the popular recommendation that the U.S. strategic force choices be informed by the expectation that U.S. restraint would inspire opponents’ restraint, a la the action-reaction model. …With dissuasion, the contention is that in some cases active U.S. acquisition policies rather than inaction will discourage opponents from competition…”—Payne

8. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 8 Denial “The fear of being captured or killed may serve as a punitive threat, and the expectation of serious operational challenges with the prospect of mission failure may lead an opponent to another course, or to postpone its action until success seems more likely—i.e., deterrence by denial.”— Payne “Denying the target the possibility of achieving benefits can compel abandonment of only those specific interests.”—Pape

9. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 9 Threat “The power to hurt.”—Schelling “An expression of intention to inflict evil, injury, or damage.”—Webster

10. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 10 Compellence “Compellence involves attempts to reverse an action that has already occurred or to otherwise overturn the status quo, such as evicting an aggressor from territory it has just conquered or convincing a proliferating state to abandon its existing nuclear weapons program.”—Byman, Waxman, and Larson “The threat that compels rather than deters often requires that the punishment be administered until the other acts, rather than if he acts.”-- Schelling

11. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 11 Shaping Model Dissuasion Denial Threat Compellence Public Diplomacy NMD Assassination Invasion Nuclear Strike Cyber Precision Strike Possible Examples

12. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 12 Means Dissuasion Denial Threat Compellence Global Situational Awareness ISR/Spacelift Strategic Communication Information Operations Active and Passive Defense Force Projection Air Refueling and Airlift Global Strike Strategic Attack, Special Operations, Air Refueling Counter air, land, sea, and space

13. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 13 Abolitionists The Cold War is over. The United States must reduce and eliminate its nuclear arsenal. Terrorism is the real threat facing the United States, not nuclear war. As long as there are nuclear weapons there is a threat of accidental detonation, miscalculation leading to war, and proliferation. Conventional PGMs can accomplish the same objectives as nuclear weapons. 1,000 is enough.

14. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 14 Modernizers Every President since George H. W. Bush has revised American nuclear weapons policy (START, SORT, de-alerting bombers, etc…) 1991—24,000 2009—5,400 2010—2,200-1,700 Terrorism is the most recent threat, but not a threat to sovereignty. There has never EVER been an accidental detonation, nuclear war from miscalculation, or transfer of nuclear weapons. Conventional weapons do not achieve the same psychological effect as nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons cause their owners to become risk averse, not risk acceptant. (India v. Pakistan) No nuclear powers have ever fought one another. Nuclear weapons are inanimate objects; they have no moral standing.

15. Develop America's Airmen Today... for Tomorrow Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Fly – Fight – Win 15 Dr. Strangelove Video