1. O’NEILL YOU DO NOT HAVE TO GIVE UNTIL IT HURTS

2. Onara Sylvia O’Neill (born 1941) Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve Ph. D. Harvard, John Rawls supervisor 8 books, including Faces of Hunger: An Essay on Poverty, Development and Justice (1986)

3. Kantian Assumptions Re: Categorical Imperative not Universal Law Formula, but Kant’s Formula of End in Itself 686-7 “Always treat humanity never merely as means but as an end in itself.”

4. Kantian Assumptions Re: Maxims Recall: rightness or wrongness of act determined by its maxim. Maxim understood by O’Neill as: principle on which one acts OR one’s intention in acting

5. Kantian Assumptions Re: Formula of Ends 1. People can be used as means, but not merely as means. Examples: students use professor as means to a degree; professor uses students as means to salary, etc. 2. In deception or coercion people are used merely as means.

6. Kant: 2 Kinds of Duties 1. PERFECT DUTY Defined in terms of Universal Law formula: If maxim to do action A cannot be universalized without contradiction or impossibility, then not doing A is perfect duty.

7. Kant: 2 Kinds of Duties 2. IMPERFECT DUTY If maxim to do A cannot be willed to become universal law, then not doing A is imperfect duty. Something cannot be willed if doing so requires will “to conflict with itself”. Example: willing to ride bicycle without getting on it, to eat but not swallow…

8. Kant: Justice vs. Beneficence 1. Perfect duties must be fulfilled without exception at all times. 2. Imperfect duties are supererogatory: fulfilling them is good, but not strictly required. 1. Justice is a perfect duty. 2. Beneficence (charity) is an imperfect duty.

9. O’Neill on Beneficence 1. Justice demands we never treat another merely as a means. 2. Beneficence must be selective, since others’ goals are infinitely diverse. “Kantians are not compelled to working interminably through a list of happiness-producing and misery-reducing acts.” 688

10. Famine, [War, Disease…] JUSTICE requires: 1. No cheating if there is rationing scheme. 2. Do one’s best to fulfill duties to dependants. 3. Birth control or Economic development? 4. No coercion: “outward forms of negotiation, bargaining, and voluntary consent do not demonstrate there is no coercion.” 690

11. Famine, [War, Disease…] BENEFICENCE requires: Selectivity: Developing someone’s abilities to pursue various ends is more important that helping them achieve particular ends.

12. Re: Ethical Theory Kantianism enables us to figure out what to do even in the absence of the knowledge required by utilitarianism about the overall effects of our actions on others. 691-2