1. Freedom of Religion

2. Freedom of Religion – 1st Amendment
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise there of…”

3. 1st and 14th Amendment 2 Guarantees of religious freedom
Prohibits an establishment of religion
[ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE]
(2) Prohibits any arbitrary interference by government in “the free exercise” of religion
[FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE]
*But there may be times when the state can limit or interfere with practices that flow from those benefits

4. More on Establishment Clause…
NEITHER STATE OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CAN SET UP A CHURCH
NEITHER CAN PASS LAW WHICH AIDS ONE RELIGION, AID ALL RELIGIONS, NOR PREFER ONE RELIGION OVER ANOTHER
NEITHER CAN FORCE NOR INFLUENCE A PERSON TO GO TO OR TO REMAIN AWAY FROM CHURCH AGAINST HIS WILL OR FORCE HIM TO PROFESS A BELIEF OR DISBELIEF IN ANY RELIGION

9. County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
CASE DETAILS  2 Holiday displays on Pittsburgh public property
Angel Banner –
“Glory to God in the highest for the birth of Jesus Christ”
Christian nativity scene inside the Large Chanukah menorah
Allegheny County Courthouse outside the City-County building
The ACLU claimed the displays constituted state endorsement of religion.
Court held that the creche inside the courthouse unmistakably endorsed Christianity in violation of the Establishment Clause. By prominently displaying the words, the county sent a clear message that it supported and promoted Christian orthodoxy.
However the display involving the menorah was constitutionally legitimate given its "particular physical setting.“ (menorah has become a secular symbol, emblematic of the "winter-holiday season” like the Christmas tree)
The Court held not all religious celebrations on government property violated the Establishment Clause

10. If the answer is yes to all 3, it passes the Lemon test
To judge whether laws or governmental actions are allowable under the Establishment Clause based on the LEMON TEST
Does the challenged law or other governmental action have a bona fide secular (non-religious) or civic purpose?
Does the primary effect of the law or action neither advocate nor inhibit religion (is it neutral)?
Does the law or action avoid excessive entanglement of government with religion?
If the answer is yes to all 3, it passes the Lemon test
(if no to any – act is unconstitutional)

11. More on Free Exercise Clause…
RIGHT FOR A PERSON TO BELIEVE WHATEVER HE/SHE CHOOSES TO BELIEVE IN MATTERS OF RELIGION (OR NOT TO BELIEVE) WITHOUT GOVERNMENT COERCION OR CONTROL
Hands off our RELIGION!
BUT NO PERSON HAS ABSOLUTE RIGHT TO ACT AS HE/SHE CHOOSE (MAY INTERVENE OR LIMIT PRACTICES)
EX: CANNOT VIOLATE CRIMINAL LAW; OFFEND PUBLIC MORALS; THREATEN HEALTH, WELFARE, OR SAFETY OF THE COMMUNITY

12. Free Exercise—The person Can Cannot
Choose whatever religion
Lead a prayer in most examples
Ask questions about religions
Worship who ever you want
Break the law and claim it is religious belief
Raise children without education
Deprave children of basic needs

13. Establishment and free exercise clause often conflict with each other
In schools, the religion issue is most prevalent
If a student raises his hand and says “teacher, can we say an opening prayer before this test”
If the teacher says:
“Yes”, It looks like establishment of religion
“No”, It is denying a student free exercise.

14. Establishment clause-Government and School Cans Cannot
Teach about religions in school
Allow voluntary prayer in many examples
Transport students to a religious school
Read Bible for culture or literacy content
Set a state religion
Government cannot order a prayer
Teach religious doctrine in the school
Pay seminary teachers

15. For more than 200 years, the 1st amendment has protected religious freedom, including right not to believe
This includes religious expression by students in public schools
Supreme Court has NOT declared that public zones are “religion-free zones”
You [as students] have the right to express religious beliefs while at school as long as you do not coerce others or interfere with the educational process
HOWEVER this does not include the right to have a captive audience for that prayer or to compel other students to participate

16. Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Case Details New York – state created an nondenominational prayer Note from Parent – didn’t have to Court Ruled  Violation of Establishment Clause
“Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country.”
Believed that the prayer could be a useful tool for the development of character and good citizenship among the students of the State of New York.
The prayer was offered to the school boards in the State for their use, and participation in the “prayer-exercise” was voluntary

17. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Case Details
Bible reading and Prayer everyday before school
Court Ruled 
Violation of Establishment Clause (not maintaining neutrality)

18. State of Wisconsin v. Jonas Yoder, et Al. (1972)
Case Details
3 Amish Families – refused to send their 13,14 yr olds to high school
Wisconsin Law – had to be in school until they are 16
*totally different env’t – bad influence
Court Ruled 
Upheld Free Exercise Clause
High school env’t way too different (against community standards)

19. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Case Details
Varsity Football Games – prayer over the PA system
Preacher – Student
Catholic/Mormon objected
Court Ruled 
Violation of Establishment Clause

20. Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Case Details  Offering a Prayer as part of a Public School Graduation Ceremony
Court Ruled  Government creates a “state-sponsored and state-directed religious exercise in a public school”
– Creates a subtle and indirect coercion (students stand and remain silent), forcing students to act in ways which establish a state religion

21. To avoid the violation…
Baccalaureate Service for Seniors
This Year – ______________________. (I.H.S.)
Celebration of Faith