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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI
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さて、ようやく、私 の成長戦略の中核で ある「女性の活躍」 について、お話させ ていただきます ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
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「社会のあらゆる 分野で 2020 年まで に指導的地位に女 性が占める割合を 30 %以上とする」 という大きな目標 があります。 ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
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いまだに、多くの 女性が、育児をと るか仕事をとるか という二者択一を 迫られている現実 があります。 ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
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仕事で活躍している女 性も、家庭に専念して いる女性も、すべての 女性が、その生き方に 自信と誇りを持ち、輝 けるような日本をつ くっていきたいと思い ます ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
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Global Gender Gap Report 2013 in 136 ( WEF 2013) 105 th
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision? 日本における出産後の退職は自発的行為か、それとも強制され た決断か ?
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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1.Defining Terms Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will -OXFORD
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1.Defining Terms Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power -OXFORD the use of threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do coercion
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Paraphrase the title: -Do women really have a choice? -Are they effectively forced out of the workforce?
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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2.1 A monetary merit Exemption for spouse :配偶者控除 No income or an income of just over a million yen a year Wives do not need to pay tax Husbands are cut off tax amount
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2.1 A monetary merit ( Cabinet office 2012 ) Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」(子育て中の妻) Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary
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2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
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■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲ どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) Figure2 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思 うか?
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2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles ■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲ どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) Figure3 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思 うか?
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( Yomiuri shimbun 2009 ) 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
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2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will ( Asahi shimbun Digital 2012 ) Figure4 「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきか?」
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary
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2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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in136 (WEF 2013) 4 th
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2.3 Japanese women have choices Gender Gap Subindexes 2013 (0.00=INEQUALITY, 1.00=EQUALITY) Sweden Japan Labour force participation.................................... 0.93 0.74 ( 就労率 ) (WEF 2013)
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2.3 Japanese women have choices 日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会 的に立派な役割を果たしていることが ある程度認められています。・・・と ころがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価して きませんでした。 ( Nihonkeizaishimbun 2013 ) Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
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3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
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3.1 Lack of Nursery School 平成 24 年 10 月 1 日 【待機児童状況のポイント】 ○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10 月 と比較し 493 人減少した。 ○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。 ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision
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3.Evidence for Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
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3.2 Maternity Harassment (NHK 2013)
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3.2 Maternity Harassment ある女性は退職願の書類を手に持っていた。 この書類は、彼女が育児休暇から戻ったあ と、雇用主に契約を延長することは出来な いと言って 渡されたものであった。記入を求 められた退職願の理由欄には「労 働契約期間満了」と下書きがあっ た。 (Yomiuri shimbun 2013 )
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3.2 Maternity Harassment % of pregnant workers experienced Maternity Harassment (NHK 2013) 25. 6 Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision
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3.Evidence for Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
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In 2012,the rate of men who took childcare leaves in Japan was… Men % 1.89 (Asahi shimbun Digital 2013)
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3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan HouseworkMenWomen Cleaning house Cooking Washing dishes 5.2% 2.1% 4.5% 75.6% 85.2% 74.7% ( Kanbara2009.95 ) Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power Figure 5 「家庭における家事分担」
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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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4.Analysis Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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4.Analysis Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」 ( Cabinet office 2011 )
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4.Analysis 2.1 A monetary merit Exemption for spouse :配偶者控除 No income or an income of just over a million yen a year 103 万の壁
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4.Analysis 2.1 A monetary merit 103 万円=給与所得控除( 65 万円)と基礎控除( 38 万円) ( NPO Seimê Hoken Centre 2013) Figure6 「 103 万の壁?」 Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
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4.Analysis 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
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4.Analysis 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles ( Mainabi 2012) Figure7 「専業主婦になりたいですか?」( 20~29 歳の働く未婚女性を 対象)
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4.Analysis Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will Figure8 「ライフイベントによる女性の就業形態の変化」 ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” idea
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4.Analysis 日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会 的に立派な役割を果たしていることが ある程度認められています。・・・と ころがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価して きませんでした。 ( Nihon Keizai Shimbun2013 ) 2.3 Japanese women have choices
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4.Analysis 2.3 Japanese women have choices Figure9 「女性の年齢層別労働力率の国際比較」 ( Nikkei BP Net 2012 )
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4.Analysis Sweden Japan Estimated earned income (PPP US$)....................... 0.93 0.57 (およその勤労取得) Legislators, senior officials and managers............ 0.48 0.10 (国会議員、上級職員、経営者) Professional and technical workers........................ 1.06 0.85 (専門家や技術者) 2.3 Japanese women have choices Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will (WEF 2013)
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4.Analysis Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
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4.Analysis 平成 24 年 10 月 1 日 【待機児童状況のポイント】 ○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10 月 と比較し 493 人減少した。 ○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。 ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) 3.1 Lack of Nursery School
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4.Analysis 3.1 Lack of Nursery School Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) Figure10 「都道府県別 待機児童数」
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4.Analysis 3.2 Maternity Harassment
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Figure11 「妊娠・出産前後に退職した理由」 Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power ( Cabinet office 2012 )
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4. Analysis HouseworkMenWomen Cleaning house Cooking Washing dishes 5.2% 2.1% 4.5% 75.6% 85.2% 74.7% ( Kanbara2009.95 ) 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan Figure5 「家庭における家事分担」
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4.Analysis 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power Figure 12 「 6 歳未満児をもつ夫の家事・育児時間( 1 日当たり)」 ( Cabinet office 201 2)
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion
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4.Analysis Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit →× 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles →× 2.3 Japanese women have choices → △ Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School → △ 3.2 Maternity Harassment → △ 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan →○
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5. Conclusion Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: a Voluntary or Forced Decision A Forced Decision
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1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion Thank you for listening !
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