1. Violence Against Children: Bullying, Child Abuse and Human Trafficking
A Safety and Violence Prevention Curriculum
Module Four

2. Bullying Defined Bullying occurs when a child is:
Exposed repeatedly to aggressive actions on the part of one or more persons;
The child has a difficult time defending him/herself, due to an unequal distribution of power (physical, social or relational). 2

3. Bullying Defined Bullying can be:
Direct and physical (hitting, pushing, spitting)
Indirect or social (name-calling and rumors)
Relational (using relationships to control)
Conducted in cyberspace

4. Myth or Fact?
A. About 10 percent of youth are involved in bullying as:
The person who exhibits bullying behavior
The person who is bullied
A witness to bullying
B. Girls usually do not bully
C. Bullying is part of childhood; kids will get over it
D. Students do not care about bullying and violence at
school
E. Kids who witness bullying generally ignore it

5. Bullying and Violence

6. Bullying and Violence
Consequences of bullying include suicide, homicide, depression and self-destructive behaviors.
Bullying can take place between individual students or between groups of students.
Consequences of bullying include suicide, homicide, depression and self-destructive behaviors.
Bullying can take place between individual students or between groups of students.

7. Bullying and Violence
Cyberbullying from a classmate or a stranger can occur anytime there is access to cell phones or the Internet
Cyberbullying from a classmate or a stranger can occur anytime there is access to cell phones or the Internet

8. Bullying and Violence
Violence can occur both at school and in the community. It may be due to:
Cliques
Gang activity
Mental or emotional disturbances
Social isolation
What are some of the violence issues that our school and community face?
Violence can occur both at school and in the community. It may be due to:
Cliques
Gang activity
Mental or emotional disturbances
Social isolation
What are some of the violence issues that our school and community face?

9. Indicators of Bullying
Avoiding certain situations, people or places, such as pretending to be sick so the child does not have to go to school
Behavior changing, e.g., being withdrawn and passive, being overly active and aggressive, or being self-destructive
Frequent crying or feeling sad
Signs of low self-esteem
Being unwilling to speak or showing signs of fear when asked about certain situations, people or places
Avoiding certain situations, people or places, such as pretending to be sick so the child does not have to go to school
Behavior changing, e.g., being withdrawn and passive, being overly active and aggressive, or being self-destructive
Frequent crying or feeling sad
Signs of low self-esteem
Being unwilling to speak or showing signs of fear when asked about certain situations, people or places
Having signs of injuries
Suddenly receiving lower grades or showing signs of learning problems
Having recurrent, unexplained physical symptoms such as stomach pains and fatigue
(National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center)

10. Warning Signs of Violence

11. Aggressive Behavior Past violent or aggressive behavior
Bullying or intimidating peers or younger children
Past violent or aggressive behavior (including uncontrollable angry outbursts)
Bullying or intimidating peers or younger children
Showing cruelty to animals
Fire-setting
Having access to, or owning a collection of weapons
Repeating themes of death or depression in conversation
Showing preoccupation with violence in TV shows, movies, music, magazines, comics, books, video games and Internet sites
Source: National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center

12. Exposure to Aggression and Violence
Witnessing abuse or violence in the home
Being a target of abuse or neglect (physical, sexual or emotional)
Source: National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center

13. How Should You Respond?
Identify and name bullying behavior among students– don’t be a bystander!
Talk with the student who was being bullied and assure him or her that you care and want to help.
Refer the student who bullied to an administrator (per school policy)
 follow-up with school counselor or social worker about intervention for the student who bullied.
Refer the targeted student to the school counselor or social worker for follow-up.

14. Bullying is not a mediation issue
Bullying is not a mediation issue. You should not try to mediate bullying.

15. Child Maltreatment Types of abuse:
Neglect (of physical, emotional and/or educational needs)
Verbal and emotional (name-calling or disparaging remarks)
Physical (actions going beyond normally accepted discipline parameters)
Sexual (involving sexual gratification)

16. Physical Abuse: Prevalence
3.6 million children were accepted by state and local CPS for investigation or assessment as alleged subjects of child maltreatment.
A third of these cases were confirmed.
Nationwide in 2005, an estimated 3,598,000 (3.6 million) children were accepted by state and local CPS for investigation or assessment as alleged subjects of child maltreatment. A third of these cases were confirmed.
In 2005, Ohio was rated 12th highest among U.S. states in child maltreatment, with 15.4 children of every 1,000 children being victims.
People who had been abused or neglected in childhood were 59% more likely to be arrested as juveniles, 30% more likely to commit violent crimes, and 28% more likely to be arrested as adults.

17. Physical Abuse: Affective and Behavioral Problems
Those who blame themselves (internalize) may experience:
Hopelessness
Depression
Low self-esteem
Those who blame others (externalize) may be:
Aggressive
Combative
Noncompliant
Defiant

18. Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse includes both contact and non-contact behaviors:
Non-contact: exhibitionism, showing pornography to children
Contact: kissing, fondling, intercourse

19. Sexual Abuse Prevalence
Approximately 16% to 20% of female children and 8% to 12% of male children are sexually abused each year.
Girls are more likely to be abused than boys.
More than 80% of child sexual abuse occurs between people who know each other; perpetrated by a family member or trusted family friend.

20. Development and Communication
Understanding:
Students’ developmental levels
Their inability to verbalize what happened or who the abuser is
Sometimes children are not believed
How educators can assist

21. Sexual Abuse: Affective and Behavioral Problems
Psychological consequences:
Anxiety reactions: nightmares, guilt, anger, hostility
Depression: low self-esteem, suicidal ideation, social withdrawal, self-injurious behavior
Eating disorders
Immaturity
Hyperactivity
Substance abuse

22. Sexual Abuse: Psychosocial Indicators
Greater awareness of sexuality than would be expected for the child’s developmental age
Excessive masturbation or inappropriate sex play with peers
Promiscuous behavior
Sex trafficking of children
See federal law at (18USC1591)

23. Reporting Child Abuse
Ohio’s educators are mandated reporters of child abuse. You must report knowledge OR suspicion.
Ohio Revised Code § (A)(1)(a)
No mandated reporter shall fail to immediately report the knowledge or suspicion of abuse or neglect of a child to the public children's services agency or a municipal or county peace officer in which the child resides or in which the abuse or neglect is occurring or has occurred. (

24. Reporting Child Abuse Follow local policies:
What are your school, district and county policies on reporting child abuse?
Making the report:
Ask the child protective worker to recite back to you what he or she has recorded, so that you can clarify and confirm.
Child protective services are responsible for the investigation process.
Document in writing your interaction with the child and with child protective services.

25. Student Follow-Up and In-School Assistance
You may also be working with students who are not currently targets of violence, but who have been in the past.
These students may need assistance with social skills, appropriate relationships with others, concentration, anxiety and depression.
There are resources in your school district to help students who need assistance or intervention.

26. Human Trafficking Definition
Human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion and the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years.

27. Human Trafficking Scope of the Problem
All 50 states have reported cases of human trafficking
200,000 people have been trafficked in the U.S. with an estimated 100,000 children involved in sex trafficking.
In Ohio 50 cases have been reported in past 9 years with 1,078 U.S. born Ohio youth sex trafficked in 2011.

28. Human Trafficking Scope of the Problem
The work or services may include anything from bonded or forced labor to commercialized sexual exploitation.
Studies suggest that up to 90% of runaway youth become involved in the commercial sex industry.
There are currently about 700 to 800 active missing children cases in Ohio, and about 90% are runaways.
On average, there are 19,000 to 20,000 missing children reports per year in Ohio, with about 90% as runaways. (Missing Persons Unit, Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation)

29. Human Trafficking Components of the Business – The Seller
In the business of human trafficking there is the seller, the buyer and the product or victim.
The sellers or trafficker are men and women from all walks of life.
The seller could be an individual or an organized criminal syndicate that has predatory romantic involvement with the victim.
The seller offers seemingly legitimate work opportunities for food, housing, clothes, and drugs in exchange for sex.

30. Human Trafficking
Components of the Business – The Buyer
The buyers or Johns also come from all walks of life.
The buyers feel as if they own the victim they purchase and subject them to painful, abusive fantasies.
The buyers and sellers drive the sex trade and profit from the demand for commercial sex.

31. Human Trafficking Components of the Business – The Victim
The victim has typically run away or is homeless.
Most minor victims “willingly” go with their trafficker or seller.
Many minor victims do not think they are a victim and learn not to trust social services, law enforcement, etc.
Online solicitation is increasing with the use of social media and commercial sex websites.

32. Human Trafficking Components of the Business – The Victim
The average age that a person first enters into the commercial sex industry is
Victims of human trafficking are not permitted to leave upon arrival at their destination.
They are held against their will through acts of coercion and forced to work or provide services to the trafficker or others.

33. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
Presence of pre-existing adult prostitution markets in communities where large numbers of street youth are concentrated.
Prior history of child sexual abuse and child sexual assault.
Large numbers of unattached and transient males including military personnel, truckers, and conventioneers.

34. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
Membership in gangs, runaways and homeless youth
Recruitment by organized crime groups.
Possesses large amounts of cash and hotel room keys.
Has unexplained school absences and is unable to attend school regularly.

35. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
looks like a minor, while claiming to be adult
has indicators of being “branded” (e.g., having a tattoo).
lies about her/his age and/or possesses false identification
tells life stories with inconsistencies
has little knowledge of his/her community or where he/she is

36. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
Minor is involved with abusive or controlling partner/”boyfriend”
Minor has signs of physical abuse and/or injury
Minor appears to be engaging in scripted communication
Minor has fearful or anxious demeanor

37. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
Minor appears hungry and/or malnourished
Minor wears clothing that is not appropriate based on season or weather
Minor appears addicted to drugs
Minor shows shift in behavior, dress, or belongings, such as sudden possession of expensive items

38. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
Minor has unexplained school absences; unable to attend school regularly
often runs away
talks about traveling to other locations
shows signs of physical abuse
Is withdrawn, fearful, and/or depressed.

39. Human Trafficking
Factors associated with human trafficking of minors are:
does not have control over his/her own schedule
does not have control over his/her ID forms
Minor talks about sexual activities that exceed age-group norms
Minor is involved with “boyfriend” who is 10 or more years older than potential victim

40. Human Trafficking Solutions
Parents, educators and community members should model healthy relationships and create environments that counter risk factors.
To prevent minors from participating in human trafficking, educators can draw on local violence prevention agencies to access effective prevention programs and best practices.

41. Human Trafficking Solutions
Adults can contact their local coalition or violence prevention organization to have a speaker talk with students about avoiding the exploitation and violence against minors.
To intervene and report human trafficking of minors, adults can contact their local law enforcement, county children services, local Rescue & Restore Coalition and the National Human Trafficking Resource Center at
Call 911 (if in immediate danger).

42. Human Trafficking Resources
Ohio Human Trafficking Commission:
Ohio Department of Education
and search keywords Human Trafficking

43. The Big Picture: School Climate
Effective school safety programs build a school-wide foundation for all children. This involves:
Supporting positive discipline, academic success and mental and emotional wellness through a caring school environment;
Teaching students appropriate behaviors and problem solving skills;
Providing positive behavioral support;
Delivering appropriate academic instruction with engaging curricula and effective teaching practices; and
Training staff to recognize early warning signs and make appropriate referrals.
(U.S. departments of Education and Justice and the American Institutes for Research)

44. Module One, Page A Safety and Violence Prevention Curriculum
What Can You Do?
IDENTIFY students who are experiencing barriers to learning.
REACH OUT: Tell them you care and want to help.
REFER students to in-school staff or community resources.
Nonacademic barriers to learning in this module:
Depression and suicide
Alcohol and drug use, abuse and addiction
Violence against children

45. For More Information
education.ohio.gov

46. Click on the link below to access the Google Drive Survey for this final module. Once again you will be prompted to sign into you account.

47. Ohio Teachers’ Homeroom
4/15/2017
@OHEducation
ohio-department-of-education
OhioEdDept
Ohio Teachers’ Homeroom