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NEED TO MAKE THIS PRESENTATION 50-50 process & intellectual property/plagiarism/authorship
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“Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nobody is watching.” ~ unknown author
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1. the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it; moral philosophy 2. a social, religious, or civil code of behavior considered correct, esp. that of a particular group, profession, or individual 3. the moral fitness of a decision, course of action, etc.
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No real guidelines prior to late 1940s Early medical & psychological researchers assumed fellow researchers would not allow harm to come to their participants/students/clients Several notable historical examples prove this to have been…wrong… ◦ The Tuskegee Study – 1932-1972 Now - written ethical standards regarding research, teaching, therapy, supervision, etc.
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Specificity of terms ◦ The APA ethical code was first published in 1958, revised in 1972, 1992, 2002, 2010 ◦ Guide for researchers, teachers, therapists, administrators ◦ Ethical dilemmas are common because the code is pretty vague Have to be a psychologist for the code to apply? ◦ Technically, yes…but… Are they guidelines, or rules? ◦ Both! ◦ We are expected to act ethically & encourage others to do so too, but… ◦ 1974 National Research Act requires all research institutions to have Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to ensure protection of human participants ◦ 1985 – U.S. Dept. of Agriculture published guidelines for treatment of animal subjects ◦ Codes of conduct
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Office of Responsible Research Practices ◦ Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC) ◦ Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) ◦ Institutional Review Board (IRB) Check whether ethical principles are being followed Evaluate Risk/Benefit ratio for the study ◦ Subjective evaluation of costs & rewards to the participants & society Asks the question: Is this research worth it? ◦ Consider whether it is a well-designed study ◦ Is there a way to do the study using lower risk procedures?
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A man has been on an inpatient unit for years – he has schizophrenia & borderline (low) IQ – his functioning is low enough that he cannot sign his name – a new anti-psychotic medication becomes available for clinical trial & the unit psychiatrists switch him to it with the patient’s consent – he has had satisfactory response to his current regimen of medication – his family is not informed of the switch – a few weeks later, he suffers a heart attack and dies, perhaps as a result of the switch – after his death, the family argues that they should have been consulted - did the physicians on the unit behave ethically?
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Including physical & psychological/emotional During experiment & in future as a result of their participation Always strive for minimal risk ◦ No risks greater than they would experience in daily life ◦ Historical example = Milgram’s Obedience Study Pretty much all the other rules stem from this Prime Directive
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Privacy – the right to decide how information about themselves is communicated to others Confidentiality – what happens in the research study (therapy session, grades, supervision, etc.) stays in there
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Physical, psychological, monetary Use of convenience samples ◦ Intro Psych students ◦ Prisoners ◦ Inpatients Compensation?
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Social contract between researcher & participant The researcher must tell them about anything that might influence their willingness to participate ◦ Activities to expect ◦ Risks/benefits ◦ Right to withdraw The participant’s ethical obligation is to behave appropriately – no lying, cheating, etc. Who can’t give consent?
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Research examples - What Do You Think? Withholding information or misinforming participants Pros ◦ Can study natural behavior ◦ Can get at behaviors/beliefs not readily studied without deception Cons ◦ Contradicts informed consent ◦ May make people suspicious
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In studies with deception ◦ Reasons for deception ◦ Clear misconceptions ◦ Remove harmful effects In all studies ◦ Benefits researchers & participants Educational Participants’ viewpoint Helpful to interpretation of results
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Who gets publication credit? ◦ Who made significant contribution? What does significant contribution mean? ◦ Credit vs. authorship ◦ Discuss this openly, early, & often Plagiarism issues ◦ The standard: don’t present substantial portions or elements of another’s work as your own What does “substantial” mean? ◦ When do you cite? ◦ When do you use quote marks? ◦ Do you cite if you use quote marks? ◦ Can you turn in virtually the same paper in 2 different classes? ◦ Plagiarism.org
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Me: cravens-brown.1@osu.edu The Office of Responsible Research Practices: http://orrp.osu.edu/ OSU Code of Student Conduct (& other helpful links): http://www.osu.edu/currentstudents/
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