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Frank Cowell: Convexity CONVEXITY MICROECONOMICS Principles and Analysis Frank Cowell 1 March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Convex sets Ideas of convexity used throughout microeconomics Restrict attention to real space R n I.e. sets of vectors (x 1, x 2,..., x n ) Use the concept of convexity to define Convex functions Concave functions Quasiconcave functions March 2012 2
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Overview... 3 Sets Functions Separation Convexity Basic definitions March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity x 1 Convexity in R 2 4 Any point on this line also belongs to A...so A is convex A set A in R 2 Draw a line between any two points in A x 2 March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Strict Convexity in R 2 5 x 1 Any intermediate point on this line is in interior of A...so A is strictly convex A set A in R 2 A line between any two boundary points of A x 2 Examples of convex sets in R 3 March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity The simplex 6 0 x1x1 x3x3 x2x2 x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = const The simplex is convex, but not strictly convex March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity The ball 7 0 x1x1 x3x3 x2x2 i [x i – a i ] 2 = const A ball centred on the point ( a 1,a 2,a 3 ) > 0 It is strictly convex March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Overview... 8 Sets Functions Separation Convexity For scalars and vectors March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Convex functions 9 x y y = f(x) A := {(x,y): y f(x)} A function f: R R Draw A, the set "above" the function f If A is convex, f is a convex function If A is strictly convex, f is a strictly convex function March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Concave functions (1) 10 x y y = f(x) A function f: R R Draw A, the set "above" the function – f If – f is a convex function, f is a concave function Equivalently, if the set "below" f is convex, f is a concave function If –f is a strictly convex function, f is a strictly concave function Draw the function – f March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Concave functions (2) 11 y x1x1 x2x2 0 y = f(x) A function f: R 2 R Draw the set "below" the function f Set "below" f is strictly convex, so f is a strictly concave function March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Convex and concave function 12 x y y = f(x) An affine function f: R R Draw the set "above" the function f The graph in R 2 is a straight line Draw the set "below" the function f Graph in R 3 is a plane The graph in R n is a hyperplane Both "above" and “below" sets are convex So f is both concave and convex March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Quasiconcavity 13 x1x1 x2x2 B(y0)B(y0) y 0 = f(x) Draw contours of function f: R 2 R Pick contour for some value y 0 Draw the "better-than" set for y 0 If the "better-than" set B(y 0 ) is convex, f is a concave- contoured function An equivalent term is a "quasiconcave" function If B(y 0 ) is strictly convex, f is a strictly quasiconcave" function March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Overview... 14 Sets Functions Separation Convexity Fundamental relations March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Convexity and separation 15 convex non-convex Two convex sets in R 2 Convex and nonconvex sets Convex sets can be separated by a hyperplane... ...but nonconvex sets sometimes can't be separated March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity A hyperplane in R 2 16 x 1 x 2 H(p,c):={x: i p i x i =c} Hyperplane in R 2 is a straight line Parameters p and c determine the slope and position {x: i p i x i c} Draw in points "above" H Draw in points "below" H {x: i p i x i c} March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity A hyperplane separating A and y 17 x 1 x 2 y A x* y lies in the "above- H " set x* lies in the "below- H " set A convex set A The point x* in A that is closest to y y A y A The separating hyperplane A point y "outside" A H March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity A hyperplane separating two sets 18 B A Convex sets A and B A and B only have no points in common The separating hyperplane All points of A lie strictly above H All points of B lie strictly below H H March 2012
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Frank Cowell: Convexity Supporting hyperplane 19 B A Convex sets A and B A and B only have boundary points in common The supporting hyperplane Interior points of A lie strictly above H Interior points of B lie strictly below H H March 2012
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