1. UNIT 1: Foundations 8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.

2. Is America Civilized? (Activator) Come up with reasons why America might be considered Civilized. Also come up with reasons why America might not be considered Civilized.

3. TOPIC 1 Locating world history in the environment and time

4. ENVIRONMENT

5. Five Themes of Geography  Relative location – location compared to others  Physical characteristics – climate, vegetation and human characteristics  Human/environment interaction – how do humans interact/alter environ  Leads to change  Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups  Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas

7. East Africa  750,000 years ago started to move  moving in search of food

8. Role of Climate  End of Ice Age 12000 BCE –  large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable  big game hunters already migrated  Geographical changes  3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests  Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much  Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization  Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply  milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean levels

11. Demography  Major population changes resulting from human and environmental factors  2 million people during Ice Age  allowed for growth  big game gone  more usable land available  50-100 million by 1000 CE  Regional changes altered skin color, race type, quantity of body hair

13. Time  Periodization in early human history  Early Hominids – humans 3.5 million years ago  Australopithecus – Lucy – found in Africa  Bipedalism  sizable brain  Larynx – voice box  3 million – homo habilis – handy human – crude stone tools  1 million - homo erectus – upright human  First to migrate  Clothed selves – skins/furs  100,000 to 250,000 – homo sapiens – wise human  social groups  permanent, semi-permanent buildings  100,000 to 200,000 – homo sapiens, sapiens  Out of Africa – started in Africa and migrated  Multiregional thesis – all developed independently

15. Stone Age  First period of prehistory - Tool use separates hominids from ancestors  Paleolithic – Old Stone Age – 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago  Crude tools – clubs, axes, bones for shelter, protection, food, cloth  Natural shelters – cave/canyons  Began tent like structures/huts  Wooden/stone structures by Mesolithic  1 million years ago – fire  Warfare – rocks, clubs – food preparation tools used for combat  Weapons found in bones  Clothes from hides/furs and later plant fibers  Dying cloth for color  Families, clans, tribes  Select sexual partners – not seasonal  Long term sexual bonds – emotions + child rearing  Family units created clans  Neolithic – New Stone Age – 5,000-10,000 years ago

16. Paleolithic Age: Old Stone Age Cooperative Hunting Very Primitive Stone Tools Natural Shelters like caves. Homo Erectus learns to make fire. Organized into clans by family groups

17. Pleistocene Ice Age The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the retreat of the last continental glacier. It also corresponds with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.

18. What is the most common source of change: connection or diffusion versus independent invention?  Connection/diffusion – due to interaction vs. invented something new or used it in a new way  Diffusion – ironwork – Assyrians to Kushites  Invention – Nok people of Nigeria – smelting iron  Farming of certain crops – diffusion – Middle East > India > Europe > Nile  Others independent – sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, Americas  After emergence of civilization, diffusion takes over – exchange of techniques, seeds, crops

19. WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

20. What are the issues involved in using "civilization" as an organizing principle in world history? Westerncentric meaning  food producing w/ surplus  increase in population  specialization of labor  social hierarchy  growth of trade  centralization of religious/political authority  monumental buildings  written records  technical innovation – the arts World historians  more broad view – importance of human creativity/connectivity  Interaction of human beings in creative manner  What is a civilization (for our purposes)  Food surplus  Advanced cities  Advanced technology  Skilled workers  Complex institutions – government, religion  System of writing/record keeping

21. Which of the following best explains life in communities prior to the Agricultural Revolutions? A.Agriculturalists and pastoralists competed and often fought over land. B.The only role for women was to bear and raise children. C.Groups were defined by the geographic region of origin. D.The foraging lifestyle supported only small, nomadic groups of people E.Specialization of labor resulted in important technological advances.

22. Answer D Though large enough to defend themselves, hunter- gatherer communities rarely exceeded around fifty people so as to not exhaust the food supply in their area.

23. Which one of the following reasons do most historians cite as the cause of the Agricultural Revolutions? A.People migrated to regions that could finally support agriculture. B.A cooling period around 6000 B.C.E. allowed people to settle in one place year round. C.Climate change drove people to abandon foraging in favor of agriculture. D.Foraging groups grew so large that they could no longer function as nomadic societies. E.Major river valleys stopped flooding, which allowed people to settle along their banks.

24. Answer C Global warming ended the last Ice Age around 9000 B.C.E. As the climate changed in different regions, people adapted to the environment. As a result, people created settled communities in those regions best suited for agriculture.

25. Discussion Questions Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolutions. Characteristics of pastorialism/nomadic societies. Describe hominid evolution.