1. Russian Revolution Russian Revolution Autocracy to Totalitarianism

2. Upholding Autocracy Autocracy—a single ruler hold unlimited political power Autocracy—a single ruler hold unlimited political power Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been mistreating & abusing peasants while social inequalities were growing Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been mistreating & abusing peasants while social inequalities were growing Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 –Even though he was enacting some peasant reforms Alexander III took his father’s throne and ended all reforms to put more power in his hands Alexander III took his father’s throne and ended all reforms to put more power in his hands –Wanted to strengthen “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality”…all power, all Orthodox, all speaking Russian

3. The Last of the Romanovs

4. Upholding Autocracy Alexander III works to end rebellions Alexander III works to end rebellions –Strict censorship –Secret police watching over schools –Teachers reporting on student writing –Political prisoners sent to Siberia Nationalist Reforms Nationalist Reforms –Russian is official language, no Polish –Persecution of Jews becomes national policy  Couldn’t buy land  Quotas of Jews at universities  Pogroms—organized violence against Jews –Police looted & destroyed Jewish homes, stores, & synogogues

5. Pogroms

6. New Czar Resists Change Czar Nicholas II takes over in 1894 & continues autocracy Czar Nicholas II takes over in 1894 & continues autocracy Economic Growth Economic Growth –# of factories doubled –4 th leading producer of steel, but still lagged behind Europe –Trans-Siberian Railway—world’s longest railway  Connected Euro-Russian to Pacific ports in 1904

7. Trans-Siberian Railway

8. New Czar Resists Change Revolutionary Spirit Grows Revolutionary Spirit Grows –Rapid industrialization created usual problems –Competing revolutionary movements arise Marxist Groups Arise Marxist Groups Arise –Industrial class should overthrow the czar –Form a dictatorship of proletariat –Division in groups  Mensheviks want a democratic revolution  Bolsheviks want a communist, dictatorial revolution Bolsheviks Bolsheviks –Supported a small number of committed revolutionaries –Led by Vladimir Lenin, a ruthless leader that was hiding in Western Europe from czar

9. Bolsheviks

10. Ponder This! What did the czars do to maintain an autocracy? What did the czars do to maintain an autocracy? –What impact did this policy have on the future revolution? How did Russia’s Industrial Revolution contribute to the growing tensions in Russia? How did Russia’s Industrial Revolution contribute to the growing tensions in Russia? What is a pogrom and why was it used? What is a pogrom and why was it used? What is the difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks? What is the difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

11. Crisis at Home & Abroad Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War –Competing over Korea & Manchuria –Russia kept breaking treaties over use of territories –Japan attacked & defeated Russia in 1905 Revolution of 1905: Bloody Sunday Revolution of 1905: Bloody Sunday –200,000 workers march on Winter Palace carrying a petition asking for better working conditions & more freedoms –Nicholas wasn’t there, but police opened fire killing 1000 unarmed protesters –Strikes & violence spread across country –Nicholas forced to allow a Duma, Russian parliament  He dissolved it shortly after

12. Russo-Japanese War

13. Bloody Sunday

14. Crisis at Home & Abroad World War I: Final Blow World War I: Final Blow –Nicholas brought Russia into war in 1914 –Weak generals & limited supplies allowed easy German victories…4 million lost in 1 year –Nicholas went to war front in 1915, leaving country to Czarina Alexandra  She ignored Nicholas’ advisors and fell under the spell of mysterious Rasputin, a magical holy-man who was helping Alexis –Troop morale was dropping with defections & mutinies –Supplies ran short on home front w/ rising inflation

15. Rasputin

16. March Revolution--1917 Women led riots of 200,000 in Petrograd over bread and food shortages Women led riots of 200,000 in Petrograd over bread and food shortages Soldiers initially opened fire, but then turned on their commanding officers…spreading riots nationwide Soldiers initially opened fire, but then turned on their commanding officers…spreading riots nationwide Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne, ending 300 years of Romanov rule Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne, ending 300 years of Romanov rule Duma set up Provisional Government, headed by Alexander Kerensky Duma set up Provisional Government, headed by Alexander Kerensky  Supported the war, upsetting soldiers & citizens  Peasants wanted land, workers wanted raises Competition arose among local soviets of workers, peasants, and soldiers Competition arose among local soviets of workers, peasants, and soldiers  They gained more influence then Provisional Government Germans arranged for return of V.I. Lenin in April 1917 Germans arranged for return of V.I. Lenin in April 1917

17. March Revolution

18. Ponder This! Describe the Russian psyche after the Russo- Japanese War. Describe the Russian psyche after the Russo- Japanese War. What was the cause and effect of the Bloody Sunday riots? What was the cause and effect of the Bloody Sunday riots? Why were Russian people upset with the war effort in WWI? Why were Russian people upset with the war effort in WWI? What was role of Rasputin? What was role of Rasputin? Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI? Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI? What was cause & effect of March Revolution? What was cause & effect of March Revolution?

19. Bolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks gain control of soviets in Petrograd & other major cities Bolsheviks gain control of soviets in Petrograd & other major cities –“All power to the soviets” –“Peace, Land, Bread” Provisional Gov’t topples Provisional Gov’t topples –Nov. 1917, Red Guard (Bolsheviks) stormed winter palace in Petrograd…factory workers –Took over gov’t offices & arrested leaders –Lasted hours, Kerensky disappeared

20. November Revolution

21. Bolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks in Power Bolsheviks in Power –Lenin orders all farmland distributed among peasants –Workers given control of factories –Signed Treaty of Brest-Litvosk  Land give-away in treaty caused anger among Russians Civil War Civil War –White army rises in opposition to Bolshevik reforms w/ help from Allies –Red army led by Leon Trotsky successfully fights back White army and quells all rebellions from 1918-1920 resulting in 15 million dead

22. Leon Trotsky

23. Lenin Restores Order Economy was in turmoil, trade stagnant, industrial production decreasing, skilled labor leaving Economy was in turmoil, trade stagnant, industrial production decreasing, skilled labor leaving New Economic Plan (NEP) New Economic Plan (NEP) –Put aside state run communism for small-scale capitalism –Allowed profits to begin to circulate through country –Gov’t controlled rest of essential enterprises  Major industries, banks, communication –Encoraged foreign investment

24. Lenin Restores Order Political Reforms Political Reforms –Russian contained many nationalities, posing threat to nationalism –Lenin organized Russia into many self-governing republics under Soviet central control –Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) was created in 1922, w/ Moscow as capital –Bolsheviks renamed to Communist Party –Reality became a dictatorship of party, not workers –By 1928, USSR recovered to pre WWI economic standing –Lenin died in 1924 of a stroke, creating a new power struggle

25. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

26. Ponder This! What is a soviet? What is a soviet? Who are the Bolsheviks? Who are the Bolsheviks? Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk upset the Russian people? Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk upset the Russian people? Describe the struggle of the Russian Civil War. Describe the struggle of the Russian Civil War. What was Lenin’s NEP? What was Lenin’s NEP? What did Lenin call the new socialist government he created? What did Lenin call the new socialist government he created? The Bolsheviks changed their name to what to honor whom? The Bolsheviks changed their name to what to honor whom?