2. Current and Resistance October 9, 2006

3. Notes New topic today – Current and Resistance New topic today – Current and Resistance Quiz on Friday Quiz on Friday Friday 7:30 review sessiomn. Friday 7:30 review sessiomn. There is a new WebAssign. There is a new WebAssign. Is it AM or PM … only the shadow knows for sure. Is it AM or PM … only the shadow knows for sure. I know too. I know too.

4. New Topic: Current and Resistance

5. Physical Resistors

6. More …

7. What Happens? “+” REMEMBER, THE ELECTRONS ARE ACTUALLY MOVING THE OTHER WAY! - -

8. DEFINITION Current is the motion of POSITIVE CHARGE through a circuit. Physically, it is electrons that move but … Conducting material  Q,  t

9. Conducting material  Q,  t

10. UNITS A current of one coulomb per second is defined as ONE AMPERE.

11. A small sphere that carries a charge q is whirled in a circle at the end of an insulating string. The angular frequency of rotation is ω. What average current does this rotating charge represent? Fraggen …..

12. ANOTHER DEFINITION

13. Figure P27.8 represents a section of a circular conductor of non-uniform diameter carrying a current of 5.00 A. The radius of cross section A1 is 0.400 cm. (a) What is the magnitude of the current density across A1? (b) If the current density across A2 is one-fourth the value across A1, what is the radius of the conductor at A2?

14. Ohm A particular object will resist the flow of current. It is found that for any conducting object, the current is proportional to the applied voltage. STATEMENT:  V=IR R is called the resistance of the object. An object that allows a current flow of one ampere when one volt is applied to it has a resistance of one OHM.

15. Graph

16. A DIODE Resistance Varies with Applied Voltage (actually with current)

17. Let’s look at the atomic level.. Conduction is via electrons. They are weak and small and don’t exercise much. Positive charge is big and strong and doesn’t intimidate easily. It’s an ugly situation … something like ……

18. - +

19. Consider a metal conductor So far, we have said that a metal is an equipotential because no charges were moving. Hence, no electric field in the metal You can move a charge freely in the metal BECAUSE there is no electric field. NOW we have a current. This can only happen if we allow an electric field to push the charges. Thus, the metal is NO LONGER A TRUE EQUIPOTENTIAL. But almost …. as we shall see in the next chapter.

21. The Current Electrons are going the opposite way from the current. (WHY?) They probably follow a path like … Average “drift” speed - v d OUT IN

22. Notation v d average drift velocity of the electron nnumber of electrons (mobile) per unit volume.  tinterval of time  x average distance the electron moves in time  t. Qtotal amount of CHARGE that goes through a surface of the conductor in time  t.

23. Often a Vector The Diagram

24. We return to the diagram ….. Consider an electron. Assume that whenever it “bumps” into something it loses its momentum and comes to rest. It’s velocity therefore starts at zero, the electric field accelerates it until it has another debilitating collision with something else. During the time it accelerates, its velocity increases linearly. The average distance that the electron travels between collisions is called the “mean free path”.

25. Starting when the electron is at rest: Let n= number of charge carriers per unit volume (mobile electrons) We showed two slides ago::

26. Finally

27. Reference The average drift velocity of an electron is about 10 -4 m/s

28. Ponder How can a current go through a resistor and generate heat (Power) without decreasing the current itself?

29. Loses Energy Gets it back Exit

30. Conductivity In metals, the bigger the electric field at a point, the bigger the current density.  is the conductivity of the material.  =(1/  ) is the resistivity of the material

31. Going to the usual limit …

32. Example A cylindrical conductor of radius R has a current density given by (a) J 0 (constant) (b)  r Find the total current in each case.

34. Range of  and 

35. Ye old RESISTANCE

36. REMEMBER

37. A closed circuit

38. Power

39. Ponder How can a current go through a resistor and generate heat (Power) without decreasing the current itself?

40. Loses Energy Gets it back Exit

41. A Circuit E =emf