1. The Black Death How did it happen and how did it lead to better lives for most Europeans?

2. What is it? Yersinia pestis, a deadly bacteria that multiplies rapidly in the blood of infected rodents Yersinia pestis, a deadly bacteria that multiplies rapidly in the blood of infected rodents

3. Where did it come from? Somewhere in the steppes of central Asia. Somewhere in the steppes of central Asia.

4. How did it spread? Fleas infesting the rodents ingest the bacteria. Fleas infesting the rodents ingest the bacteria. Ecological changes in central Asia drove the infected rodents out of their habitats into closer contact with humans. Ecological changes in central Asia drove the infected rodents out of their habitats into closer contact with humans. Fleas on the rats then had greater opportunity to infect humans with the bacteria they had picked up from the rats. Fleas on the rats then had greater opportunity to infect humans with the bacteria they had picked up from the rats.

5. Where did it spread? By 1345 large numbers of Mongols in the Russian steppes were dying. By 1345 large numbers of Mongols in the Russian steppes were dying. It moved along trade routes to the Black Sea, where the Mongols had laid siege to the city of Kaffa. It moved along trade routes to the Black Sea, where the Mongols had laid siege to the city of Kaffa. Mongols catapulted infected corpses into the city. Mongols catapulted infected corpses into the city. A few (who were already infected) were able to escape Kaffa and fled in their ships to ports in the Mediterranean. A few (who were already infected) were able to escape Kaffa and fled in their ships to ports in the Mediterranean.

6. Spread of Black Death

7. The Arrival and Spread of the Plague

8. Different Varieties of Black Death Bubonic-most common, transmitted by flea bites, kills 50%-60% of its victims Bubonic-most common, transmitted by flea bites, kills 50%-60% of its victims Appears within 6 days of flea bite, enlargement of lymph nodes, hemorrhaging below skin causing buboes and skin rotting Appears within 6 days of flea bite, enlargement of lymph nodes, hemorrhaging below skin causing buboes and skin rotting Pneumonic-transmitted from person to person, kills 95%-100% of its victims Pneumonic-transmitted from person to person, kills 95%-100% of its victims Appears in 2-3 days, infection moves to lungs with a severe cough and spitting up bloody mucus Appears in 2-3 days, infection moves to lungs with a severe cough and spitting up bloody mucus

10. A Pandemic Plague occurs in pandemics Plague occurs in pandemics A linked series of epidemics that strike in intervals of between 2 and 20 years The Black Death reoccurred in Europe periodically over the next 200 years The last outbreak was in India in 1994

11. What was the world like before the Black Death struck? Population in Europe had increased about 300% from the 10 th to 13 th century. Population in Europe had increased about 300% from the 10 th to 13 th century. Trade within regions and between regions had increased greatly, particularly between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Trade within regions and between regions had increased greatly, particularly between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Large empires, such as the Mongol & Islamic empire, encouraged trade and protected trade routes. Large empires, such as the Mongol & Islamic empire, encouraged trade and protected trade routes.

12. What was the effect of the Black Death? There were both short-term and long-term effects. There were both short-term and long-term effects. Effects were both social and economic. Effects were both social and economic.

13. Social Effects Some deserted homes & families Some deserted homes & families Public flagellation Public flagellation The church’s power declined The church’s power declined Rise of anti-Semitism (hostility towards Jews) Rise of anti-Semitism (hostility towards Jews)

14. Social Effects

15. Economic Effects One-third of population dies One-third of population dies Declining trade Declining trade Higher prices Higher prices Higher wages & living standards Higher wages & living standards Cheap land Cheap land Better technology Better technology Decline of feudalism Decline of feudalism

16. How did the Black Death benefit survivors? 1/3 population dies but Amount of land remains the same Serfs more valuable Gain independence Increased wages Peasant Revolt 1381 (Fixed rent so serfs not tied To land) Profitable to raise more sheep Shift from farming to Manufacturing Woolen goods

17. Serfs Wages increase, better standard of living Wages increase, better standard of living

18. Farming to Manufacturing Raising more sheep Raising more sheep Shearing Shearing

19. Washing wool Washing wool Spinning wool Spinning wool Weaving wool Weaving wool

20. Economic Effects