1. The Hytronic System Dolphin
Clearwater Systems, LLC
Advanced Water Treatment Equipment

2. Company Profile Technology developed at a University
Chief subcontractor is ISO 9002 approved
Excellent track record
500 installations
Over 5 years of service
New patented technology unique in the marketplace

3. Electronic Water Treatment
ELIMINATES USE OF ALL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS, AND THEREFORE THEIR RELEASE TO THE ENVIRONMENT VIA BLOWDOWN AND DRIFT
&
PREVENTS SCALE FROM FORMING
CONTROLS MICROBIAL GROWTH
Degrades and removes old scale, encrustation and bio-film
Creates conditions that stop localized and uniform corrosion
Allows potentially significant water savings

4. Hardware transformer panel and spool piece no obstructions in pipe
9 sizes from 3/4” to 12”

5. Cooling System Treatment
Scaling Control
Corrosion Control
Microbial Control

6. Typical Cooling Tower Evaporation = 1% circulation rate
Blowdown = Evaporation/(CC-1)
DT = 10 oF

7. Scale Prevention Scale Formation Particle Formation on in Surface
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Particles
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Scale
Scale Formation on
Surface
Particle Formation in
Bulk Solution

8. Corrosion Performance in Cooling Towers
No Localized Attack
No pitting or microbial induced corrosion (MIC)
Uniform Corrosion
Benign alkaline chemistry with high hardness (pH 7.5 to 9.0)
No attack on copper/galvanized
2 - 5 mpy on steel

9. Microbe Control Microbes controlled by incorporation
Pulsed-Power FDA approved for Pasteurization
Microbes
Encapsulated Microbes

10. Bio-Film Control

11. Biological Control - 1000 ton @ 5 cycles

12. Biological Control - 175 ton @ 8 cycles

13. Biological Control - 600 ton @ 5.5 cycles

14. Biological Control Dolphin System Chemical Treatment
Only blowdown needs to be controlled
Requires constant monitoring and adjustment
Little or no bio-film present
Limited effectiveness on bio-film
Not species specific
Biocides are often species specific
No corrosives used
Biocides are often corrosive
Typical TBC of 1,000 to 2,000 CFU/ml
Typical TBC of 20,000 to 50,000 CFU/ml
Dolphin System
Chemical Treatment

15. Boiler Installation

16. Boiler Application Carbonates precipitate as a powder
Eliminates need for water softener and phosphates
Precipitation lowers alkalinity of boiler
Eliminates formation of CO2 and need for amines
Old scale will flake off over time
Improves heat transfer efficiencies

17. Corrosion Performance in Boilers
No Localized Attack
No pitting
Less CO2 generation avoids acid corrosion in boiler condensate return lines (pH of 7.0 to 8.4)
Uniform Attack
Boiler operates at a pH of 10.5 where iron and steel develop a passive magnetite surface resulting in negligible uniform corrosion

18. Scale Removal
Scale removal by crack propagation

19. Pollution Prevention
Biocides can cause problems in sewer treatment plants
Some anti-corrosion additives contain heavy metals (Zn and Mo)
Many chemicals in concentrated form fall under OSHA regulations
Phosphates and brine are a concern in discharges
Drift carrying chemicals can cause employee relations issues

20. Cost Savings Savings on the cost of chemicals & softener
Savings on fuel 
Savings on maintenance (tower, heat exchanger, boiler) 
Savings on water purchase and disposal 
Savings on regulatory compliance 

21. Conclusions
The Dolphin is an alternative to chemical treatment on cooling towers and boilers.
The Dolphin is in commercial use under a variety of water conditions.
The Dolphin is a rugged system that is tolerant of some neglect.

22. Appendix Zeta Potential
Tiny, non-symmetric crystals (proto-crystals) with strong surface charges develop high zeta potentials (diffuse counter-ion charge).
Proto-crystals repel due to this high zeta potential
Vibrating the particles at their resonant frequency with an electro-magnetic field, homogenizes the diffuse counter-ion charges, lowers the zeta potential and allows agglomeration .

23. Appendix Distinction from Magnets
Range of field strengths cover all water variations
Coils “ring” yielding harmonics into the kilohertz to megahertz range

24. Appendix Inactivation of Microbes
Water sample from Dolphin treated tower with 106/ml microbes added

25. Appendix pH Control Reactions
Boiler Chemistry
Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + CO Dominates at low pH
Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> CaCO H2O Dominates at high pH
(typical equilibrium at 10.0 to 10.5 pH)
Cooling Tower Chemistry
Ca HCO3- <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + 2CO Dominates at low pH
Ca HCO3- <-> CaCO H2O + CO Dominates at high pH
(typical equilibrium at 8.2 to 9.0 pH)

26. Appendix Boiler Chemistry - Water Softening
Softened Water Containing:
Regenerate with
NaCl
NaHCO3 - Causes carbonic acid in condensate
Softener
Residual NaCl Causes enhanced pitting
Incoming Water with
Ca/Mg HCO3
Residual Ca & Mg - Causes scale formation
Flush to drain with CaCl & NaCl
Wastes water and sewer issues with high salts

27. Appendix Sidestream for Large Pipes
Designed to take 30% of the flow per pass with
minimal pressure drop (3 psi)

28. Appendix Water Savings
With a Dolphin the cycles of concentration can be increased to 8 or more. (Typically chemically controlled towers are run at 2 to 4 cycles.)
On a 1000 ton cooling tower, going from 3 cycles to 8 can save up to 10,000 gals/day.
Typical cost of water and disposal in most areas is $3.50 per 1000 gals ($35 per day).