2.  Latent heat  Sensible heat  Total heat  Specific heat

3.  Visual observation  Combustion  Factors effecting  Exhaust smoke  Stack gas testing  CO 2 vs CO  C + O2 -> CO2 + 14,100 BTU/lbm carbon  2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O + 61,100 BTU/lbm hydrogen  S + O2 -> SO2 + 4,000 BTU/lbm sulfur  -------------------------------  2C + O2 -> 2CO + 3,960 BTU/lbm carbon

4.  Natural  Density of Saturated Liquid vs Saturated Vapor  @ 300 PSI ρf = 52.9 lb/ft3, ρg = 0.647 lb/ft3  Forced  Accelerated  Radiation  Convection  Conduction

5.  Steam Drum & internals  Headers  Water Drum  Tube Sheet  Wrapper Sheet  Drumhead  End Plate  Dry Pipe  Water screen tubes  Waterwall tubes  Desuperheater  Dry pipe  Superheater  Risers  Downcomers  Generating Tubes  Bottom blow line  Surface blow line  Superheater vent line  Economizer drain line  Safety Valves  Steam drum  Superheater  Economizer  Soot Blower

6.  Firebrick (to 3000F)  Insulating Brick (to 2500F)  Insulating Block (to 1500F)  Plastic Refractory (to 3000F)  Purging boiler  Boiler sliding feet

7. Courtesy of E. Baumgart

8.  Waste heat boiler  Economizer

9.  Rated by turn down ratio  Turndown Ratio = Max oil flow / Min oil flow  Turndown Ratio = (Max pressure / Min pressure).5  IE: FO pump output 300 psi, min pressure for atomization is 100 psi  Turndown ratio = (300/100).5 = 1.732  Steam and Air  Best adjustment (turndown ratio)  Uses steam that cannot be recovered  No fuel returns  Steam & fuel both supplied  FO supply pressures vary 8 to 350 psi  Pressure jet atomizer  One or more atomizers used to adjust firing rate of boiler  Poor turndown ratio, as pressure decreases, nozzle spray cone increases in angle  Rotary Cup  Burner is spun by electric motor  Fuel is sprayed into inside of cup, centrifugal force against cup walls  “fine spray”  Good turn down ratio, not best

10.  Fuel Oil Storage  Fuel Oil Settling Tank  Fuel Oil Pump (positive displacement pump)  Filters / Strainers  Heaters  Burners (top or front)  Fuel atomizer  Register (supplies air)

11.  Flame  Peephole in furnace  Color of flame  Incomplete combustion  Dirty injectors  Dirty boiler fuel tips  Improper fuel temperature/pressure  Excess air, pushes heat up stack  Controlled by stack gas analysis (excess air and CO)  Smoke  Black Smoke  Insufficient air  Dirty burner  Burner/injector tips wrong size  Poor fuel atomization (check temperature & pressure)  White Smoke – unburned fuel particles in exhaust along with water vapor  Excess air  Bright white flame  Brown Haze – indicates good combustion  Golden flame  Clear Stack – possible excess air

12.  Delivered by feed pumps to boiler and economizer  Water level out of sight on gage glass  High water level  Low water level  Loss of feed pump  Tube leak