1. ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY Mid-Atlantic Region Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY Mid-Atlantic Region Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Breadth: Architectural Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions

3. Occupant | U.S. Army Legal Service Agency Location | Undisclosed Size| 97,000 SF Total Project Cost| $30 Million Dates of Construction| Sept 2010 – Sept 2011 Project Delivery Method| Design-Build Sustainability| LEED Silver Certified Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Introduction PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

4. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Existing Conditions PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Airside Waterside Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Airside System DOAU Penthouse Penthouse on 4 th floor 24,000 CFM Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit 150 Fan Powered Induction Units each serving 3 spaces

5. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Airside Waterside Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Existing Conditions Waterside System 315 ton Evaporative Condensing Chiller serves 55 F CHW to DOAU and FPIU cooling coils (2) 1500 MBH Gas-Fired Boilers serve 180 F HHW to DOAU and FPIU heating coils Domestic hot water served by solar hot water heater

6. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Objectives: Install a vertical loop ground-source heat pump system to replace the chiller and boilers. Reduce utility costs

7. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Geological Survey Grout is used between U-tube and ground to seal from air gaps and surface water penetration. 55 °F ground temperature GroundType Dry Density lb/ft 3 Conductivity Btu/h-ft-F Diffusivity ft 2 /day SoilHeavy Clay 5% Water1200.6 to 0.80.5 to 0.65 SoilLight Sand 5% Water800.5 to 1.10.6 to 1.3 RockSandstone-1.2 to 2.00.7 to 1.2 Grout15% Bentonite/85% SiO 2 Sand-1.0 to 1.1- Thermal resistance ground = 1.0 h-ft-°F/Btu * Identifying correct soil characteristics is integral to proper system design. Grout Water

8. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA System Layout Ground-Source Heat Pump Vertical- 150 to 600 ft. deep. Perpendicular to ground More expensive to install More efficient heat exchange= less piping Horizontal- 6 ft. deep typ. Parallel to ground Cheaper to install Requires much longer piping

9. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA System Layout Ground-Source Heat Pump Vertical Loop 500 bores, each 500 ft. deep 20 ft. separation 31 16 251,700 ft. bore length

10. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA System Layout Ground-Source Heat Pump Vertical Loop PumpManufacturer Flow [gpm] Head [ft. w.c.] Pump Efficiency Motor Size [hp] GSWP-1Bell&Gossett87611373%22 GSWP-2Bell&Gossett87611373%22 Heat PumpManufacturer Airflow [cfm] Sensible MBH Flow [gpm] HP-1McQuay800153.0 HP-2McQuay1,200193.9

11. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Cost Analysis Ground-Source Heat Pump Initial Investment Energy Consumption Utility Costs Emissions System COST MAT.INST.TOTAL Geothermal$483,233.64$185,031.32$653,372.96 Existing$379,180.00$233,024.00$612,204.00 Difference$41,168.96 Electrical Consumption kWh Geothermal System Existing System Total1,506,6551,367,278 Difference139,377 Gas Consumption kBtu Geothermal System Existing System Total0666,654 Savings666,654 Cost Per Year Geothermal SystemExisting System Electric$120,231$109,109 Gas$0$5,580 Total$120,231$114,689 Difference$5,542 / yr = $0.064 / S.F. Pollutant Total Pollutants lbs/yr Geothermal SystemExisting System CO 2 2,003,8511,899,811 NO X 4,0233,725 SO X 12,11410,993 PM10109105

12. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Objectives: Install a thermal storage system to decrease energy consumed by the chiller Reduce electric costs

13. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Chilled Water vs. Ice Chilled Water: Requires Less Chiller Energy Easier to Regulate Water Temps Cheaper Heat Transfer Less Effective Ice: Requires More Chiller Energy Difficult to Regulate Water Temps More Expensive Heat Transfer More Effective

14. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Chilled Water vs. Ice Partial vs. Full Storage Partial: Chiller runs 24 hours Lower chiller capacity During on-peak, chiller and storage supply load Full: Chiller runs 12 hours Higher chiller capacity During on-peak, storage supplies load Tons Storage 24-hour Period Chiller Meets Load Storage Meets Load 24-hour Period Tons Storage Meets Load Chiller Meets Load Chilled Water: Requires Less Chiller Energy Easier to Regulate Water Temps Cheaper Heat Transfer Less Effective

15. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Stratified Tank Less dense warm water floats over denser cold water, Thermocline inhibits mixing of warm and cool water Cold chiller water enters tank at bottom and pushes warm water out top to chiller Off-Peak Cold water leaves tank at bottom to go to loads and warm water enters chiller or top of tank On-Peak

16. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA System Layout Chilled Water Stratified Tank 120’

17. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Partial Storage PumpManufacturer Flow [gpm] Head [ft. w.c.] Pump Efficiency Motor Size [hp] CHW-1Bell&Gossett6007382.5%11.1 CHW-2Bell&Gossett6007382.5%11.1 CHW-3Bell&Gossett6006182.5%9.2 CHW-4Bell&Gossett6006182.5%9.2 ChillerManufacturerType Capacity [tons] CHLR-1Mammoth Evaporative Condensing 120 PumpManufacturer Flow [gpm] Head [ft. w.c.] Pump Efficiency Motor Size [hp] CHW-1Bell&Gossett4076078.5%6.2 CHW-2Bell&Gossett4076078.5%6.2 CHW-3Bell&Gossett4075378.0%5.4 CHW-4Bell&Gossett4075378.0%5.4 System Layout Partial Full ChillerManufacturerType Capacity [tons] CHLR-1Mammoth Evaporative Condensing 240 Full Storage

18. System COST MAT.INST.TOTAL Thermal Storage $222,858.60$37,335.20$527,693.80 Existing$172,000.00$8,475.00$180,475.00 Difference$347,218.80 System COST MAT.INST.TOTAL Thermal Storage $163,358.60$35,235.20$466,093.80 Existing$172,000.00$8,475.00$180,475.00 Difference$285,618.80 Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Cost Analysis Initial Investment Thermal Storage System Existing System TOTAL kWh1,170,3671,367,278 SAVINGS196,911 kWh/yr Partial Storage Full Storage Thermal Storage System Existing System TOTAL kWh1,291,2521,367,278 SAVINGS76,026 kWh/yr Partial Storage Full Storage

19. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Cost Analysis Utility Costs Cost Per Year Thermal Storage System Existing System Electric$69,847$109,109 Gas$5,580 Total$75,426$114,689 Savings$39,263 / yr = $0.451 / S.F. DateYear Initial Cost [$] Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] 20110$285,618.80 20187$45,448$318,136 Utility Costs DateYear Initial Cost [$] Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] 20110$347,218.80 202110$36,763$367,630 Partial Storage Full Storage Cost Per Year Thermal Storage System Existing System Electric$61,162$109,109 Gas$5,580 Total$66,741$114,689 Savings$47,948 / yr = $0.551 / S.F. Partial Storage Full Storage Payback

20. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Acoustical Breadth PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Objective NC 30 max NC 35 max

21. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Acoustical Breadth PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Existing Sound Levels DOAU Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts) Frequency [Hz] 125250500100020004000 (6) Fans100971009188 NC301812000 Penthouse Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts) Frequency [Hz] 125250500100020004000 (2) Boilers75 78796658 (4) Compressors757473717060 (8) Pumps8991 898683 Total dB8991 898683 NC14130012 TL = 20 log(fm s ) - 47.3 L R = L S – TL + 10 log (S/R R ) Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125250500100020004000 (2) 20 Ga Steel192228303542 3 lb/cu.ft. insul.028142026 6” batt insul.000028 5/8” GWB142026323844 DOAU Rm. 4071 Rm. 4065 Penthouse NC 35 max NC 30 max

22. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Acoustical Breadth PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Proposed Solution Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125250500100020004000 (2) 20 Ga Steel192228303542 3 lb/cu.ft. Insul.028142026 6” Batt Insul.000028 Green Glue234045555360 (2) 5/8” GWB142026323844 NC100012 Green Glue Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125250500100020004000 9” R-30 Insul. 0001714 9-1/2” Concrete Slab 505662687480 NC 102000 Penthouse On Roof

23. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Conclusion PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Recommendation Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Recommendations Implementation of ground-source heat pumps: $41,000 extra investment $5,500 extra each year More Emissions NOT Recommended Implementation of Thermal Storage: Partial Storage: $285,000 extra investment $48,000 savings each year Payback in 7 years Full Storage $350,000 extra investment $39,000 savings each year Payback in 10 years Recommend Chilled Water Thermal Storage- Partial Storage

24. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Acknowledgements PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA I Would Like to Thank: Dr. Treado Dr. Bahnfleth Prof. Holland Prof. Parfitt Dr. Srebric Dr. Freihaut Prof. Ling Ryan TerMeulen Mike Kilkeary Southland Industries Family Friends

25. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Acknowledgements PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA I Would Like to Thank: Questions? Dr. Treado Dr. Bahnfleth Prof. Holland Prof. Parfitt Dr. Srebric Dr. Freihaut Prof. Ling Ryan TerMeulen Mike Kilkeary Southland Industries Family Friends Images www.southlandind.com www.ashrae.org www.b-es.org www.mcquay.com www.anmascorp.com www.architerials.com www.esource.com www.greengluecompany.com

26. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Appendices Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

27. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Appendices Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA where, F sc = short-circuit heat loss factor L c = required bore length for cooling, ft L h = required bore length for heating, ft PLF m = part-load factor during design month q a = net annual average heat transfer to ground, Btu/h q lc = building design cooling block load, Btu/h q lh = building design heating block load, Btu/h R ga = effective thermal resistance of ground (annual pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu R gd = effective thermal resistance of ground (peak daily pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu R gm = effective thermal resistance of ground (monthly pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu R b = thermal resistance of bore, h-ft-°F/Btu t g = undisturbed ground temperature, °F t p = temperature penalty for interference of adjacent bores, °F t wi = liquid temperature at heat pump inlet, °F t wo = liquid temperature at heat pump outlet, °F W c = system power input at design cooling load, W W h = system power input at design heating load, W Loop Head Pressure Q,gpm=292tons/500bores=0.58tons/bore*3 gpm/ton=1.75 [gpm/bore] d branch = 1-1/4” d header = 6” Head loss through branch = 0.5 ft / 100 ft For Nominal Size 1-1/4”, ft = 0.022 90° elbow: K = 30 ft, ft =0.022 K = 30(0.022) = 0.66 L= 3.5 ft Total Equivalent Branch Length: Actual pipe length1235 ft (4) 90° elbows 14 ft_ Total1249 ft 0.5 ft100 ft* 1249 ft = 6 ft Head

28. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Appendices Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

29. Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Appendices Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA Partial Storage Simple Payback DateYear Initial Cost [$] Maintenance [$] Utility Savings [$/yr] Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] 20110$285,618.80 20121$2,500$47,948$45,448 20132$2,500$47,948$45,448$90,896 20143$2,500$47,948$45,448$136,344 20154$2,500$47,948$45,448$181,792 20165$2,500$47,948$45,448$227,688 20176$2,500$47,948$45,448$272,688 20187$2,500$47,948$45,448$318,136 Full Storage Simple Payback DateYear Initial Cost [$] Maintenance [$] Utility Savings [$/yr] Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] 20110$347,218.80 20121$2,500$39,263$36,763 20132$2,500$39,263$36,763$73,526 20143$2,500$39,263$36,763$110,289 20154$2,500$39,263$36,763$147,052 20165$2,500$39,263$36,763$183,815 20176$2,500$39,263$36,763$220,578 20187$2,500$39,263$36,763$257,341 20198$2,500$39,263$36,763$294,104 20209$2,500$39,263$36,763$330,867 202110$2,500$39,263$36,763$367,630