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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conception and Implantation
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Periods of Prenatal Development PeriodLengthKey Events Zygote 2 weeks Fertilization Implantation Start of Placenta Embryo 6 weeks Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks “Growth and finishing”
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Prenatal Development and Later Health Low Birth Weight Greater chance of Heart Disease Stroke Diabetes High Birth Weight Greater chance of breast cancer Low Birth Weight Greater chance of Heart Disease Stroke Diabetes High Birth Weight Greater chance of breast cancer
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age at time of exposure Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age at time of exposure
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Teratogen Substances Drugs Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Drugs Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Infectious Diseases Nutrition Emotional Stress Rh Blood Factor Age Previous Births
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Complications and Maternal Age
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Three Stages of Birth
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Apgar Scale A ppearance P ulse G rimace A ctivity R espiration
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Classes Relaxation & Breathing Techniques Labor Coach Social support Classes Relaxation & Breathing Techniques Labor Coach Social support
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Birth Complications Oxygen Deprivation (Anoxia) Breech Position Rh Factor Incompatibility
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Medical Interventions in Childbirth Fetal Monitoring Medication Analgesics Anesthetics Cesarean Delivery Fetal Monitoring Medication Analgesics Anesthetics Cesarean Delivery
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Low Birth Weight and Disabilities
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Preterm Born weeks before their due date May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Preterm Born weeks before their due date May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm Below expected weight for length of pregnancy
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Interventions for Preterm Infants Isolette Respirator Feeding tube Intravenous medication Isolette Respirator Feeding tube Intravenous medication Special Infant Stimulation Kangaroo care Parent Training in Caregiving Special Infant Stimulation Kangaroo care Parent Training in Caregiving
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Infant Mortality Around the World
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink Rooting Sucking Moro Eye Blink Rooting Sucking Moro Palmar Grasp Tonic Neck Stepping Babinski
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Infant States of Arousal Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Offer a pacifier Go for a ride Massage Combine methods Let cry for short time Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Offer a pacifier Go for a ride Massage Combine methods Let cry for short time
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Touch Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Highly sensitive to pain Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding Physical touch releases endorphins Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Highly sensitive to pain Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding Physical touch releases endorphins
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed sense at birth Visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed Limited acuity Scan environment, track moving objects Color vision improves in first two months Least developed sense at birth Visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed Limited acuity Scan environment, track moving objects Color vision improves in first two months
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) Evaluates newborn: Reflexes State changes Uses include: Discovering individual & cultural differences Helping parents get to know their babies Not a good predictor of later development Evaluates newborn: Reflexes State changes Uses include: Discovering individual & cultural differences Helping parents get to know their babies Not a good predictor of later development Responsiveness to physical and social stimuli Other reactions Responsiveness to physical and social stimuli Other reactions
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 New Family Adjustment Hormones facilitate caregiving Oxytocin Prolactin Estrogens Hormone release and effects may depend on experience Challenge of early weeks New Roles Changed schedule
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