1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.2 OC-SBT091-CP1-02 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP–SBT091–CP1-UN-01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Arun Punaji More. M.Sc. (Microbiology) ‏ Experience: 11 Years arunmesh@hotmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe different classes of antibody Define isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes of antibody Describe isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes of antibody

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6 Introduction  Immunoglobulin molecules produced by immune system have got diverse specificity and antigenic determinants on them.  Though the overall structures of antibody molecules with different specificity are same; these protein molecules show remarkable variation in their amino acid sequences in the variable regions of light and heavy chains.  Depending upon the variability shown in the variable regions of heavy chains; immunoglobulins are grouped into different classes.  In this module students shall learn about the structural and functional differences between these classes.

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7 Classes of Immunoglobulins-1  In human there are five classes of heavy chain as : gamma(γ), alpha(α), mu(μ), delta(δ) and epsilon(ε).  The type of heavy chain determine the class of immunoglobulin.  The IgG antibody contain gamma(γ) heavy chains.  The IgA antibody contain alpha(α) heavy chains.  The IgM antibody contain mu(μ) heavy chains.  The IgD antibody contain delta(δ) heavy chains.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Classes of Immunoglobulins-2  The IgE antibody contain epsilon(ε) heavy chains.  Antibodies from each classes have their characteristic functions.  Each class has got their pecular immunological roles in different infections caused by different pathogen agents.  In this module students will learn about the structures and functions of antibodies from their different classes.

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9 Classes of Immunoglobuins-3  IgM antibody:- IgM antibody comprises 10% of the total pool of antibody in body. The serum concentration of IgM is between 50 to 190 mg/dl. The molecular weight of IgA is 900 kD. The IgM consist of mu(μ) heavy chains. The IgM class consist of two known subclasses.

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10 Classes of Immunoglobulins-4  Structure of IgM antibody:-

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Classes of Immunoglobulins-5  Functions of IgM antibody:- IgM are the first antibodies that appear first when pathogenic agent enter into the body. The IgM antibodies can precipitate the pathogenic agents and their tocix products since these antibodies have got very high affinity and high avidity. IgM antibodies mainly give protection in serum.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12 Classes of Immunoglobulins-6  IgG antibody:- It comprises the largest pool among the total antibodies concentration in serum. The serum concentration of IgG is between 800 to 1700 mg/dl. IgG molecule consist of two gamma ( γ ) heavy chains and two kappa ( κ ) light chains. The molecular weight of IgG is 150 kD. Human IgG antibodies are further classified into four subclasses on the basis of amino sequences in γ-heavy chains.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13 Classes of Immunoglobulins-7  IgG antibody:- These subclasses of IgG are denoted as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The antibodies from different subclasses of IgG differe in from each other in the size of hing region and the number and positions of disulfide bonds between the heavy chains.

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14 Classes of Immunoglobulins-8  Structure of IgG antibody:- IgG antibody is the most abundant Antibody in the serum. IgG antibody possess is divalent, Since it possess two identical Antigen binding sites.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15 Classes of Immunoglobulins-9  Functionso f IgG antibody:- The immunological functions of IgG are neutralization of pathogenic agents and their toxic products entered into blood and help the phagocytes in killing pathogens through the process of opsonization. The IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin which can transfer across the placental barrier giving passive immunity to fetus. The IgG in mother's milk give protection against number of infection to newborn while they are feeding on mother's milk.

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Classes of Immunoglobulins-10  Functions of IgG antibody:- This type of passive immunity to fetus and newborn is essential for the healthy growth of fetus and newborn when his own immune system is not developed completely.

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Classes of Immunoglobulins-11  IgA antibody:- IgA antibody comprises 5% of the total pool of antibody in body. The serum concentration of IgA is between 140 to 420 mg/dl. The molecular weight of IgA is 160 kD. IgA consist of two alpha(α) heavy chains. The IgA class contain two known subclasses.

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Classes of Immunoglobulins-12  Structure of IgA antibody:-

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19 Classes of Immunoglobulins-13  Functions of IgA antibody:- IgA is predominantly present in body secretions where they prevent entry of pathogenic agents across the mucos membrane. Because of their presence in the body fluid they are also called as secretory antibody or secretory IgA. On the mucos membrane they neutralize the pathogenic agents and their toxic products.

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20 Classes of Immunoglobulins-14  IgD antibody:- IgD antibody comprises less than 1% of the total pool of antibody in body. The serum concentration of IgD is between 0.3 to 40 mg/dl. The molecular weight of IgA is 185 kD. The IgD consist of delta(δ) heavy chains. The IgD class don't have any known subclass.

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21 Classes of Immunoglobulins-15  Structure of IgD:-

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22 Classes of Immunoglobulins-16  Functions of IgD:- IgD antibodies are major membrane bound immunoglobulin on the mature B cells. At present no biological effector function of IgD is known.

23. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.23 Classes of Immunoglobulins-17  IgE antibodies:- IgD antibody comprises less than 1% of the total pool of antibody in body. The serum concentration of IgD is between 0.3 to 40 mg/dl. The molecular weight of IgA is 185 kD. The IgD consist of delta(δ) heavy chains. The IgD class don't have any known subclass.

24. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.24 Classes of Immunoglobulins-18  Structure of IgE:-

25. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.25 Classes of Immunoglobulins-19  Functions of IgE antibodies:- IgE antibodies are responsible for immediate hypersensitive reactions involved in hay fever, asthma, hives and anaphylactic shock. IgE antibodies bind to the Fc receptors of basophils and mast cells; when these Fc bound IgE antibodies are cross linked these cell degranulate releasing pharmacological active mediators which help recruit various immune cells against parasites. Thus IgE antibodies play important role in antiparasitic defence.

26. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.26 What We Learn…..  Different classes of immunoglobulins  Structures of antibodies from different classes of antibodies.  Characteristics of different classes of immunoglobulins.  Functions of antibodies from different classes antibodies.

27. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.27 Critical Thinking Question  Which antibodies are estimated to determine whether a infection is recently acquired?

28. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.28 Hints For Critical Thinking Question  The antibody which is produced in the beginning of immune response.

29. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.29 Study Tips  Book Title: Immunology Title: Immunology Author: Author: Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne. Publication: Publication: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Book Title: Title: Microbiology Author: Author: Prescott, Harley and Klein's Publication: Publication: McGraw-Hill international edition.

30. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.30 End of the Presentation Thank You !