1. Manner of Articulation
LIN 3201

2. 4 Parameters for Describing Sounds
Airstream Mechanism
How/From where air is initiated, direction of airflow
State of the Glottis
Vocal fold state - wide open, vibrating – that affects airstream
Manner of Articulation
How air is shaped in airstream
Place of Articulation
Where air is shaped in airstream

3. Manner of Articulation
What we do to the airstream
to constrict, obstruct or shape it
producing different types
of sound qualities

4. The airstream as a 4 dimensional tube
Vertical Dimension – how close articulating organs get to one another
Transverse Dimension – is the sound obstructed centrally or laterally (which side?)
Time – momentary obstruction or maintainable obstruction
Longitudinal – place or site of obstruction

5. Stops (Plosives)
Air is obstructed by stopping air at place of articulation
Greatest degree of obstruction
Maintainable & central obstruction
Oral & Nasal Stops
Oral Stops – Velum blocks nasal cavity; air lows through mouth only; [p], [d], [k]
Nasal Stops – Velum is lowered; air flows through mouth and nose; [m], [n]

6. [m]
[b]
Gimson & Cruttenden, 1994

7. Fricatives Air is obstructed less than a stop
Air flows through articulators so that friction is created in articulation
Maintainable stricture type
Examples [f], [v], [s] & [z]