2. It has a worldwide distribution and is the most common pathogenic protozoan isolated from human stools. Symptomatic giardiasis is characterized by acute or chronic diarrhea and/or other gastro- intestinal manifestations. (tourer’s diarrhea) 200 million cases per year. introduction

3. Morphology 1. Trophozoite 1. Trophozoite Typically 12-15 μm in length, 5-10 μ m wide, and 2-4 μ m thick. Nuclei (Nu): two Karyosomes (k): larger Median bodies (MB): two Adhesive disk (AD): one Axonemes (Ax): a pair Flagella (Fg): 4 pairs --anterior, posterior-lateral, caudal, ventral

4. 2. cyst Morphology The cysts are oval shaped and typical measure 11-14 μ m in length and 6-10 μ m wide. Nuclei (Nu): four Karyosomes (k): larger Axonemes (Ax): Median bodies (MB): Cyst wall (CW):

5. Mature cyst trophozoite Cyst Be passed in formed stood trophozoite Located the duodenum and jejunum Binary fission ingested, excystation in the small intestine in colon Life cycle

7. pathogenesis 1.obstruct absorption : Covering of the intestinal epithelium by the trophozoite and flattening of the mucosal surface results in malabsorption of nutrients, osmotic diarrhea. 2. produce a mechanical irritation : 3. lead to lactase deficiency as well as other enzyme deficiencies in the microvilli:

8. pathogenesis 1.obstruct absorption : 2. produce a mechanical irritation : Shortening of the villi, crypt cell hypertrophy, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration in local site.

9. pathogenesis 1.obstruct absorption : 2. produce a mechanical irritation : 3. lead to lactase deficiency as well as other enzyme deficiencies in the microvilli: Present mushy stools and excessive gas following treatment

10. symptomsperecentage Bloating,belching,diarrhea97 Diarrhea or frequent loose stool85 Nausea79 Weight loss56 Abdominal cramping44 Loss of appetite41 vomiting24 fever0 Frequency of various symptoms in persons infected with G.lamblia

11. Diagnosis. Stool examination. Examining duodenal fluid for trophozoites. Duodenal aspirate or biopsy. Immunological diagnosis ① Formed stools A direct smear stained by Iodine/Iron hematoxylin for cyst.

12. Cysts of Giardia lamblia,stained with iron- hematoxylin (A, B) and in a wet mount (C; from a patient seen in Haiti). Size: 8-12 µ m in length. These cysts have two nuclei each (more mature ones will have four). Giardia lamblia cyst.

13. Giardia lamblia cyst. Iodine stain. CDC DPDx Parasite Image LibraryDPDx Parasite Image Library

14. Giardia lamblia cyst. Iodine stain. CDC DPDx Parasite Image LibraryDPDx Parasite Image Library

15. Diagnosis. Stool examination ① Formed stools A direct smear stained by Iodine/Iron hematoxylin for cyst. ② diarrheic stools A direct saline smear for motile trophozoites. 1) fresh stools 2) in time 3) keep warm in cold weather

16. Diagnosis. Stool examination. Examining duodenal fluid for trophozoites 1)Intubation. 2)string test.

17. Diagnosis. Stool examination. Examining duodenal fluid for trophozoites. Duodenal aspirate or biopsy. Immunological diagnosis

18. Giardia lamblia. Indirect fluorescent antibody stain. Positive test. Giardia lamblia. Indirect fluorescent antibody stain. Negative test. Giardia - Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Staining Photo Credit: H.D.A. Lindquist, U.S. EPA

19. Diagnosis. Stool examination. Examining duodenal fluid for trophozoites. Duodenal aspirate or biopsy. Immunological diagnosis

20. Epidemiology Distribution: Worldwide The incidence is estimated at 200 million cases per year.

21. Epidemiology (refer to that of E.h.) Epidemic factors 1.Source of infection : asymptomatic carrier or only mildly afflicted patients. 2.The cysts are relatively resistant to bad condition of environment. 3.Disposal of human feces is inadequate, and lead to contamination of food or water with fecal material. 4.The housefly and the cockroach is an importance factor in the transmission of the disease.

22. Treatment and control 1.Infected individuals treatment : Metronidazole (cure rates approximately 85% ) Other effective drugs include: quinacrine, tinidazole, furazolidone, and paramomycin. 2. Sanitary disposal of feces. 3. Protecting water supplies from contamination. 4. Health education in regard to improving personal hygiene, drinking boiled water, hand washing 5. Killing the housefly and the cockroach.

24. Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease with a worldwide distribution. to cause acute or chronic vaginitis, acute or chronic urethritis and prostatitis. introduction 2-3 million new symptomatic infections per year in the United States.

25. axostyle (ax) : to protrude from the posterior end flagella (fg) : 5 undulating membrane (um): The combined basal bodies (bb): the costa (cs): the cytostomal groove (cy) : A single nucleus (nu): at the anterior end Morphology

27. Trichomonas vaginalis resides in the vagina, urethra and prostate, where it replicates by binary fission. direct contact), ( direct contact Trichomonas vaginalis is transmitted among humans, its only known host, primarily by sexual intercourse (direct contact), Non-venereal transmission ( indirect contact ) is rare. trophozoit. Infective stage: trophozoit. Life cycle

28. 1. The organism causes contact-dependent damage to the epithelium of the infected organ. 2. A ssociated with a lowered acidity of the vagina, along with a thinner epithelium and less glycogen in the cells. Pathogenesis glycogen Lactic acid-producing bacteria acidPH T. vaginalis disrupt acidPH 3.5 to 4.5 pH > 5.9 utility Mechanism of vaginitis caused by T. vaginalis

29. Symptoms 1. Asymptomatic (15%): 2. acute or chronic vaginitis: Women: 3. acute or chronic urethritis:. a copious, foul-smelling discharge that is often gray, frothy or blood tinged,but can be yellow or green.. burning in vagina or itching on labium,

30. Symptoms 1. Asymptomatic: 2. acute or chronic vaginitis: Women: 3. acute or chronic urethritis:. disuria (painful urination) and frequent urination..

31. Symptoms 1.Asymptomatic (50-90% ) : tends to be self-limiting. 2. acute or chronic urethritis and prostatitiss: urethral discharge (ranging from scant to prululent), disuria, and urethral pruritus (itching). Men:

32. Diagnosis Clinical suspicion may be confirmed by finding the trophozoites in vaginal, urethral, prostatic secretions, or urine sediment (following prostate massage).. A direct saline smear for motile trophozoites.. Giemsa-stained smears.

33. Treatmentand Control Treatment and Control 1. Trichomoniasis treatment 1) Drug: Metronidazole, Tinidazole 2) Restore the acidity of the vagina, douching vagina with 1:5000 potassium permanganate solutions. ★ Sexual partners should be treated at the same time to prevent reinfection 2. limiting number of sexual partners and use of condoms. 3. sterilizing of the contaminated toilet articles; detection of infected males should be helpful in reducing infections.

34. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary1 Giardia lamblia

35. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary1 Giardia lamblia Infective stage: trophozoit. Infective stage: mature cyst.

36. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary2 Giardia lamblia to be transmitted among humans, primarily by sexual intercourse (direct contact), Non-venereal transmission ( indirect contact ) is rare. Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water, food, or by the fecal-oral route (hands or fomites).

37. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary3 Giardia lamblia resides in the duodenum and jejunum resides in the vagina, urethra and prostate

38. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary4 Giardia lamblia often watery, diarrhea. The stool contains excessive lipids but very rarely any blood or necrotic tissue. acute or chronic vaginitis, acute or chronic urethritis and prostatitiss.

39. Trichomonas vaginalis Summary5 Giardia lamblia Metronidazole