1. Carlos Chagas Sergio Sosa-Estani, MD, PhD. CeNDIE, IECS, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina International Symposium on the Centenary of Chagas disease Discovery Therapy, diagnosis and prognosis of chronic Chagas disease: insight gained in Argentina 9,000 y BC 1909 discover 1920-2009 Dx 1960-1970 Tr Salvador Mazza

2. Diagnosis of infection Serological tests Complement fixation (Muniz & Freitas 1944) Indirect immunofluorescence assay (Alvarez et al. 1968) Indirect hemagglutination assay (Cerisola et al. 1962) Enzyme immune assay (Voller 1975) QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Transfusion 2009

3. Appropriate Technology for taking blood samples for screening T. cruzi infection. Filter paper 1966-1983 Capillary blood w/glycerin (Serokit®) 1985 Immunocromatography (x ej. Stat-Pak®) 2003 Foto: MSF Honduras Foto: MS Honduras

4. Markers associated with Progression

5. Prescription of Specific Treatment against T. cruzi Infection All patients undergoing the acute phase Children and young patients undergoing the chronic phase Laboratory or surgical accident Organ transplant recipients or donors Chronic phase, indetermined or incipient cardiac form in adults may be considered, although with limited evidence

6. Clinical Studies (Observational) to assess treatment of T. cruzi Infection T. cruzi-specific T lymphocytes secreting IFN-g in response to T. cruzi lysate in patients with chronic Chagas disease treated and not treated

7. Clinical Studies (RCT) to assess treatment of T. cruzi Infection

8. Benznidazole Meta-analysis Villar JC, et al Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1)

9. Slow seronegativization without evidence of parasitimia after treatment: a) related attribute of the host (humoral immune response against Tc I and Tc II)?; b) related mixed mechanism to cure (1st drugs against Tc I and T cII ?; 2nd immune response as a complement to complete clearance)?

10. Antibodies kinetic with long term of follow-up of children undergoing chronic T. cruzi infection, and treated with benznidazole. Salta, Argentina, 1991-2005 Sosa-Estani S et al. 1998, AJTMH, and unpublished data Not Cured Cured

11. Antibodies kinetic with long term of follow-up of children undergoing chronic T. cruzi infection treated with benznidazole, and cured. Salta, Argentina, 1991-2005 Sosa-Estani S unpublished data

12. Yun O et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Jul 7;3(7):e488.

13. How to assess a treatment during chronic phase? (Successful=do not find Ab; Failure= find parasite) Immunological tests –Serological tests - Commercially Available Need long follow up to demonstrate efficacy (Seronegativization) –Serological tests - Not commercially available, tested as useful Need shorter time of follow up, but > 3 years Need validation –Specific cellular immune response (?) (under research) Parasitological tests –Direct tests (low sensitivity, not practical) –Xenodiagnosis (Center of reference, only for research-isolates, low sensitivity) –Hemoculture (available but only in few centers, not practical, low sensitivity) –PCR (higher sensitivity, currently under standardization, new techniques for quantitative PCR with rapid developments) RT-PCR

14. Some strategies to getting new treatments New schemes / New prescriptions (i.e. BENEFIT Project. Efficacy of Bz in Patients with cardiac disease) Pediatric formulation (i.e. dispersable tables and suspention-LAFEPE- DNDi, Solution-UNR) Registered drugs with anti-T. cruzi activity (i.e Posaconazole, Itraconazole (antimicotic), Bisphosphonates (osteoporosis), Miltefosine (antineoplastic, antiprotozoal), Clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressant), Liposomal amphotericin (antifungical, antiprotozoal) Evaluation of Combination (i.e. Combination of registered compounds (Benznidazole/Nifurtimox) with drugs with demonstrated activity in Chagas’ disease) Evaluation of library of existing compounds (i.e. Furazolidone, Clemastine) Develop an specific new drug (i.e. inhibitors of trans-sialidase, cysteine proteinase, trypanothione reductase, others)

15. Evaluation of Care Quality for Diagnosis and Treatment, Argentina, 2007 VariableObs%Valuation Appropriate confirmation of infection17898%Good Treatments completed13097%Good Records with completed data (essentials)1955%Bad Records with data about dates of Treatment19536%Bad Opportunity of tratment (<30 days)4352.3Regular Tolerance123 Good tolerance 99% Regular tolerance 1% Records with data about monitory19556%Regular Rodriguez V, Rubinstein F, Sosa-Estani S, unpublished data

16. Control of Congenital Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi Screening of Pregnant Women Mother REACTIVE Parasitological Test in Newborn Negative Serological Test >= 10 m old Non-Reactive Discharge Serological Test >= 10 m old REACTIVE Treatment and Monitoring Parasitological Test in Newborn POSITIVE Treatment and Monitoring Mother Non-Reactive Discharge

17. Screening of Pregnant Women Mother REACTIVE Mother Non-Reactive Discharge Mother Non-Reactive Discharge Parasitological Test in Newborn Negative Parasitological Test in Newborn Negative Parasitological Test in Newborn POSITIVE Treatment and Monitoring Parasitological Test in Newborn POSITIVE Treatment and Monitoring Serological Test >= 10 m old Non-Reactive Discharge Serological Test >= 10 m old Non-Reactive Discharge Serological Test >= 10 m old REACTIVE Treatment and Monitoring Serological Test >= 10 m old REACTIVE Treatment and Monitoring In the health system: -Low rate of detection by parasitological test. -Health workers do not know the procedures. - Health workers do not have adequate training. -Health workers do not have good working conditions. Hypotheses of Lost Opportunities for the Adequate Diagnosis of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection In the community: -Mothers do not know the procedure. - Mothers do not understand the instructions. -Mothers do not have financial resources to get to the health center.

18. Early diagnosis of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection using PCR, hemoculture, and capillary concentration, as compared with delayed serology. Mora MC, et al. J Parasitol. 2005;91(6):1468-73.

19. Diagnosis of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection by ELISA SAPA (matched samples from mothers infected and their newborns [n=31]). Index (Subtraction OD ELISA-SAPA Newborn; OD ELISA-SAPA Mother), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Mallimaci C, Sosa-Estani S, Russomando G, et al, Submitted, 2009

20. Detection of Specific T. cruzi Antibodies by Commercial ELISA and Shed Acute Phase Antigen (SAPA) on Non- Infected Infants (n=36 ) under Follow-up. Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Mallimaci C, Sosa-Estani S, Russomando G, et al, Submitted, 2009

21. Evaluation of technology – Implementation research New tools must to be addressed to the PHC System Main user  National Programs, Public Health S Wide range of beneficiaries Photo: H Freilij. BsAs, ARGPhoto: S Sosa-Estani, Las Lomitas, Formosa, ARG

22. They are waiting for: the researcher to research, the politician to decide, and the health worker to act