1. Internet and Overlay Networks Ram Keralapura ECE Dept rkeralapura@ucdavis.edu

2. 2 Layered Architecture  Five main layers Application layerApplication layer Transport layerTransport layer Network (IP) layerNetwork (IP) layer Link layerLink layer Physical/Optical layerPhysical/Optical layer Optical switches Optical fibers Routers Virtual IP links Applications/Computers Application layer links

3. 3 Introduction  Internet Routing Infrastructure Intra-domain routing (IGP)Intra-domain routing (IGP)  RIP, OSFP, ISIS, etc. Inter-domain routingInter-domain routing  BGP Internet Domain or Autonomous System

4. 4 Intra-domain Routing  Links are assigned link costs/weights  Path between two nodes inside a domain follows shortest path (least cost path) A FE BC D 2 1 3 4 1 1 7 2 Dst A FE BC D

5. 5 Network Properties  Important properties of networks that service providers look for: ConnectivityConnectivity PerformancePerformance ResiliencyResiliency Robustness in functionalityRobustness in functionality  Service availability – delivering a given packet from source to destination

6. 6 Characterizing Networks  Main causes for concern – resiliency and robustness How does the IGP protocol behave during network component failures?How does the IGP protocol behave during network component failures? How does the behavior impact the data that the network carries?How does the behavior impact the data that the network carries?

7. 7 Characterizing Networks (cont’d)  We have developed a model that captures the dynamic behavior of the network protocols during link failures [Keralapura et al, 2004]  Protocol convergence depends on: Topology – nodes and connectivityTopology – nodes and connectivity Protocol timer settingsProtocol timer settings Number of entries to update in the forwarding tablesNumber of entries to update in the forwarding tables

8. 8 Characterizing Networks (cont’d)  Metrics for service availability Service disruption timeService disruption time Traffic disruptionTraffic disruption  Based on the above metrics we define “goodness factor” for the network

9. 9 Results (cont’d) Static properties (like node out-degree) do not capture operational conditions and network dynamics Out Degree Ingress Node Goodness

10. 10 Network Diameter Network Goodness Similar results were also found in the paper “Layered Complex Networks” by Kurant and Thiran

11. 11 Internet Architecture  Tiered hierarchy in domains Tier-1 A Tier-1 A Tier-1 B Tier-1 B Tier-2 C Tier-2 C Tier-2 D Tier-2 D Tier-2 E Tier-2 E Tier-2 F Tier-2 F Peering relationship Customer-Provider relationship

12. 12 Inter-domain routing  Policy-based routing Ad-hoc and can change with agreements with other domainsAd-hoc and can change with agreements with other domains  Can we capture these policies? Domains do not disclose their connectivityDomains do not disclose their connectivity  Policies can obstruct views and hinder domain-level topology discovery Need multiple vantage points for more accurate topology informationNeed multiple vantage points for more accurate topology information

13. 13 Application Layer Networks  Email Networks  World Wide Web (WWW)  Peer-to-Peer (p2p) Networks  Several Content Delivery Networks (CDN) Overlay networks

14. 14 Background: Overlay Networks A A’ X B C D Y C’ B’ D’ Domain-1 Domain-2 Domain-3 Domain-4

15. 15 Interaction between networks  Overlay networks compete with IP networks to provide routing service  IP and overlay networks are unaware of key things happening at the other layer  Multiple overlay networks co-exist and make independent decisions  How does all this affect IP and overlay networks?

16. 16 Interactions between Networks  Identified some potential interactions [Keralapura et al, 2005] Traffic engineering in IP networksTraffic engineering in IP networks  Load balancing issues  IP layer traffic matrix estimation Coupling of multiple domainsCoupling of multiple domains  Defeats the objective of BGP Multiple co-existing overlay networksMultiple co-existing overlay networks  Traffic oscillations  Cascading reactions

17. 17 A B D C E H G F NM 5 20 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Load Balancing and TM Estimation

18. 18 Coupling Multiple AS Domains A E Domain-1 Domain-2 B C D H F G X Defeats one of the objectives of BGP to decouple different domains

19. 19 Traffic Oscillations Time (ms) Link Utilization Failure of link 10-12Failure of link 2-5 Traffic Oscillations

20. 20 Open questions  Interactions need to be understood better and we need to model them  How to go about characterizing the robustness of a network after we model such interactions?  Are there interactions between networks at other layers? If yes, then how to we qualify, quantify, and model them?If yes, then how to we qualify, quantify, and model them?