1. U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Category Spatial Relations Dalia Varanka, Research Geographer Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science

2. Rich Feature Vocabulary ‘Local geography’ ground collection and validation from 1890s – 1980s

3. Spatial Relation Primitives Spatial relation properties (verb/preposition pairs) extracted from topo feature definitions FLOW SubjectPredicateObject Water flowTHROUGHChannel (Linear deep part of a body of water) Underground waterflowTOThe surface of the Earth CAUSED Crater (Circular-shaped depression at the summit of a volcanic cone or one on the surface of the land) causedBYthe impact of a meteorite Crater (a manmade depression)an explosion (caldera, lua) FORM Crossing (A place where two or more routes of transportation) form a junction or intersection (overpass, underpass) REMOVED Mine (place where commercial minerals)removedFROMEarth Oilfield (area where petroleum is/was)Earth

4. Part Relation Terms for Topographic Data Predicates Collection Equipped Made ofSeries ComposedFittedPortionSet ConsistsGroupSectionSubdivide

5. Descriptive Terms for Predicates aligncoverendlow-pointroof alongcrosserectlowerrotate anglecurveexitmeasuredslope approachdescendextendnarrowingsteep attachdeformationfillnearlystrung borderdelineatedflanknetworksubmerge brokendepartformingopensurface characterizeddepressionfrontedoverhangingsurrounds confluentdepthhigh(er)paralleltrends connectdevoidholdpassupright containdistinctlevelprojectvertical contactencloselierisevisible

6. Force Dynamic / Process Terms for Predicates adaptedconvertdwellgeneratepileresult advancecourseejectgoplantrun affecteddescendemitinterruptpositionrush blockdepositenterinundateprojectsaturate boredirectexitissuepumpsend breakdisappearerodejoinpurifysubject builtdischargeextractlaunchraisesupport burydividefallloadreceivesuspend carrydrainfloatmaderemoveswing causedrawflowmixrendertransport changedueforcemoveresistwash controldugformobstructrestrict

7. Human Intention Terms for Predicates ablecreateentryintendedpassageserve accesscultivateestablishedkeptplaceset aside administrativ edangerformknownprescribestore afforddefinedfortifylimitprovidesubject applicationdesignatedfunctionloadpumpsubmerge capabledesignedholdmaintainreferencetest carry outdeterminedidentifiedobstructrequirejurisdiction charteddevelop incorporate doperaterestrictuse constructdivideindicatingownsecure

8. Semantic Richness for Complex Feature Classes Power lines Conveyors Railroad Roads dirt / gravel Buildings offices maintenance sheds head frame (shaft) * ore processing Disturbed ground ore piles tailings quarry / pit ** mountaintop removed ** Large vehicles haulers front-end loaders scoops dump trucks * Underground mining** Surface mining connects powers carriesTo carriesTo/From carriesTo

9. Dataset Geometry/ Format Attribution/ Scaling URL National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)VectorDiscrete/nominalhttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/nhd.html?p=nhd National Transportation DatasetVector; tablesDiscrete/nominalhttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/MRLC/viewer.htm National Boundaries DatasetVectorDiscrete/nominalhttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ National Structures DatasetVectorDiscrete/nominalhttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)VectorDiscrete/nominalhttp://geonames.usgs.gov/domestic/download_data.htm National Elevation Dataset (NED)RasterContinuous/ratiohttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ http://seamless.usgs.gov/website/seamless/viewer.htm National Digital OrthophotosRasterContinuous/ interval http://www.ndop.gov/data.html; http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/MRLC/viewer.htm National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD)RasterDiscrete/nominalhttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/MRLC/viewer.htm Global Land Cover DatasetRasterDiscrete/nominalhttp://landcover.usgs.gov/landcoverdata.php LiDARPointContinuous/ratiohttp://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ Satellite imagesRasterContinuous/intervalhttp://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/NewEarthExplorer/; http://glovis.usgs.gov/ Hazards (Earthquakes, Volcanoes)GraphicsMultiple formshttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/; http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/status.php MineralsVector; textDiscrete/nominalhttp://mrdata.usgs.gov/; http://tin.er.usgs.gov/mrds/ http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geochem/; http://crustal.usgs.gov/geophysics/index.html EnergyVector; databasesMultiple formshttp://energy.usgs.gov/search.html Landscapes and CoastsReportsDiscrete/nominalhttp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/info/holdings.html AstrogeologyDatabasesDiscrete/nominalhttp://astrogeology.usgs.gov/DataAndInformation/ Geologic Map DatabaseVector; maps; textDiscrete/nominalhttp://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ Geologic Data Digital Data SeriesMaps; tablesDiscrete/nominalhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060/ National Water Information SystemGraphics; tablesContinuous/ratiohttp://wdr.water.usgs.gov/nwisgmap/ Floods and High FlowGraphics; tablesContinuous/ratiohttp://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/index.php?id=ww DroughtGraphics; tablesContinuous/ratiohttp://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/index.php?id=ww Monthly Stream FlowGraphics; tablesContinuous/ratiohttp://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/index.php?id=ww Ground WaterVector; tables;Continuous/ratiohttp://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/gw/; http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov/ Water QualityGraphicsContinuous/ratiohttp://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/qw/; http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/wqwatch/ National Biological Information Infra- structure (NBII) Graphics; vector; geodatabases Multiple formshttp://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/community/nbii_home/236 Vegetation CharacterizationVector; databasesMultiple formshttp://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/ WildlifeVector; text;videoMultiple formshttp://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/ Invasive SpeciesVector; databases; graphics, image Multiple formshttp://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/community/invasive_species/221

10. Location Vocabularies  W3C Geo ontologies  Geography Markup Language (GML)  Well Known Text (WKT)  GeoSPARQL for binary topologic relations  SKOS broaderThan, narrowerThan for entities within entities  A limited number of terms at geonames.org

11. Categorical Spatial Relations  Subsystem: Lacustrine Littoral – The Littoral Subsystem includes shallow habitats in the Lacustrine System. The shoreward boundary of this subsystem extends to the landward limit of non-persistent emergents. The lakeward boundary includes all waters to a depth of 2 meters below Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), or to the maximum extent of non-persistent emergents, whichever depth is greater.  Subsystem: Lacustrine Limnetic – The Limnetic Subsystem includes all deepwater habitats within the Lacustrine System. “Deepwater habitats” are those that occur at depths greater than 2 meters below MLLW—unless there are non-persistent emergents in those areas. In which case, “deepwater habits” are those beyond the limit of occurrence of non-persistent emergents.

12. Our Interest in BFO  Ontology modeling best practices  Strong general environment/science specification approaches  Recognition of the role of geographic features and/or space  Approaches to processes and change