1. Determination of Oxalate and Other Anions in Beer Mike Marroquin and Katie Vautier

2. Purpose  Use the IC to determine organic and inorganic ions in beer  Analytes: Chloride, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulfate, and Oxalate

3. Oxalate  Oxalates are found as insoluble calcium oxalate  Calcium can not be consumed if it exists as calcium oxalate  Amount of oxalates in products is usually controlled

4. Oxalate  Normally, Oxalates combine with calcium or iron and excreted in urine as minute crystals  However, can form kidney stones  Obstruct kidney  80% of kidney stones are formed from calcium oxalate

5. Chloride  One of the most important electrolytes in the blood  Helps maintain blood volume, blood pressure, and pH  High levels can lead to: dehydration, kidney disease, or overactive parathyroid gland

6. Nitrate  If there is a high pH, nitrate turns into nitrite  Nitrate is reabsorbed back into the blood and reacts with hemoglobin iron to form methemoglobin  Methemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen

7. Phosphate  Helps build and repair bones and teeth  Help nerves function and make muscles contract  High levels: kidney problem, excessive vitamin D, and bone diseases

8. Sulfate  Blood levels can drop  Studies have shown reduced fertility, seizures, and growth retardation

9. Experiment  In example, HPLC was used to analyze beers  After talking to Dr. Foy, he stated that they turned the HPLC into an IC and that one instrument would suffice

10. Samples

11. Procedure  Create standard solutions from seven anion standard and add oxalic acid Solution 1Solution 2Solution 3Solution 4 Chloride0.3 mg/L0.6 mg/L1.2 mg/L2.4 mg/L Nitrate1.0 mg/L2.0 mg/L4.0 mg/L8.0 mg/L Phosphate1.5 mg/L2.5 mg/L5.0 mg/L10.0 mg/L Sulphate1.5 mg/L3.0 mg/L6.0 mg/L12.0 mg/L Oxalate4.40 mg/L8.80 mg/L17.6 mg/L35.2 mg/L

12. Procedure  Prepare samples  Add a few drops of 1-octanol to sample  Degas sample in an ultrasonic bath  Run through IC system

13. Solution 1 – Trial 1

14. First Trial Results  There were no peaks  Baseline sloped downward  Made new regenerant and eluent

15. Solution 3 - Trial 2

16. Sample - Budlight

17. Sample – Mike’s Hard Lemonade

18. Sample - Keystone

19. Sample – Michelob Ultra

20. Results - Chloride

21. Results - Nitrate

22. Results - Phosphate

23. Results - Sulfate

24. Results - Oxalate

25. Results – Budlight  Chloride – 26.8 ppm  Nitrate – 62.5 ppm  Phosphate – 0.66 ppm  Sulfate – 32.2 ppm  Oxalate – 26.1 ppm

26. Error  Concentrations of other beers cannot be determined  Bad regenerant and eluent  Peaks shifted – calibration curves could no longer be used  Difficult to determine oxalate peaks

27. Conclusion  Overall, this experiment had a lot of problems  Was successful for Budlight  Unable to determine concentrations of anions in other beer samples

28. Future Work  More beer samples could be tested  Run samples and standards on the same day with new eluent and regenerant  Combine with GC or HPLC