1. Unit II: Organization Connective & Epithelial Chapter 4: 135-159 Chapter 6: 210

2. What is a tissue? Group of similar cells and cell products that work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role

3. What is a tissue? Arise from three primary germ layers: Germ LayerContributions to Body Ectoderm Integumentary system – epidermis; Nervous system; Skeletal – hyoid and auditory ossicles; Endocrine – pituitary gland and adrenal medulla; Respiratory and Digestive systems – mucous epithelium of nose, mouth, and anus Mesoderm Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic systems; Integumentary system – dermis and hypodermis; Endocrine – adrenal cortex; Urinary – kidneys; Reproductive – gonads Endoderm Respiratory system; Digestive – including liver and pancreas; Urinary – except kidneys; Reproductive – except gonads; Endocrine – thymus and thyroid

4. What is a tissue? Tissues are composed of cells and matrix: Ground substance Fibers

5. Most abundant Widely separated cells Connect organs to each other Functions: binding of organs support physical and immune protection movement storage heat production transport Connective Tissue

6. Marfan Syndrome Inherited – dominant gene Defective gene that would normally enable the body to produce fibrillin Symptoms: Tall and thin with disproportionately long appendages Severe near-sightedness CAN AFFECT ANY PART OF THE BODY! Heart: aorta, heart valves Eyes: dislocation of lens, glaucoma, cataracts, detachment of retina Lung: breathing difficulties Treatment: only of the complications

7. Components: Cells: Fibroblasts – fixed, produce the matrix of the tissue Macrophages – large phagocytic cells that move Leukocytes – wander around looking for pathogens Plasma cells – synthesize antibodies Mast cells – secrete heparin and histamine Adipocytes – energy storage, insulation, cushioning/protection Fibrous Connective Tissue

8. Components: Fibers: Collagenous – tough, flexible, made of collagen Reticular – thin, branching collagen fibers, framework for certain organs Elastic – made of elastin; stretch and resume original shape

9. Fibrous Connective Tissue Components: Ground Substance: Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) – regulation of water and electrolyte balance Proteoglycan – important in holding tissues together Adhesive glycoproteins – bind components within a tissue together

10. Fibrous Connective Tissue Types: Loose and Dense Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Reticular Adipose Dense Connective Tissue Dense regular Dense irregular

11. Chondroblasts Supportive with a flexible rubbery matrix No blood vessels Uses diffusion to bring in nutrients and remove wastes Types: Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Connective Tissue

12. An organ made of multiple tissues including osseous tissue which makes up most of the mass of the bones Osteoblasts Matrix – Calcium and collagen Types: Compact bone Spongy bone Bone - Connective Tissue Central canal Osteon Compact bone LM x 375 Osteocytes occupy lacunae that lie between the lamellae.

13. Exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body Flat sheet of closely adhering cells No room for blood vessels Basement membrane – extremely thin layer of connective tissue between an epithelium and underlying tissue Apical surface Lumen Epithelial Tissue

14. Simple epithelium Stratified epithelium Epithelial Tissue Simple vs Stratified

15. Contains all types of cells and fibers Passageways for nerves and blood vessels (packing material) Underlies all epithelia, between muscles Loose Connective Tissue Areolar

16. Loose network of reticular fibers and blood cells Forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow Loose Connective Tissue Reticular

17. Large empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane Energy storage, insulation, cushioning Deep to the skin and around kidneys and eyes Well suited for function because – a.b. Loose Connective Tissue Adipose

18. Densely, packed, parallel collagen fibers Stretched in one predicable direction Tendons and ligaments Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular Collagen fiber Fibroblast nuclei Dense regular connective tissue in a tendon from the triceps muscle LM x 440

19. Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells Stretched in multiple directions Deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs Dense Connective Tissue Dense Irregular Dense irregular connective tissue from the dermis Collagen fiber bundles LM x 111

20. Rubbery proteoglycan matrix; dispersed collagen fibers; clustered chondrocytes in lacunae Stiff but flexible, reduces friction Ends of bones at movable joints; sternal ends of ribs; supportive material in larynx, trachea, tip of nose, and fetal skeleton Cartilage - Connective Tissue Hyaline Hyaline cartilage from shoulder joint Chondrocytes in lacunae Matrix LM x 500

21. Hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers Provides flexible, elastic support External ear and epiglottis Cartilage - Connective Tissue Elastic

22. Hyaline cartilage with extensive collagen fibers Resists compression and absorbs shock Pubic symphysis, meniscus and intervertebral discs Cartilage - Connective Tissue Fibrocartilage Collagen fibers in matrix Chondrocytes in lacunae Fibrous cartilage from intervertebral disc LM x 400

23. Calcified matrix in lamellae around a central canal Osteocytes in lacunae between lamellae Osteon– functional unit; canaliculi for exchange of nutrients Skeletal support; leverage for muscles; mineral storage Bone - Connective Tissue Compact

24. Variety of cells and cell fragments: Non-nucleated or nucleated Plasma = ground substance, NO fibers! Transport cells and dissolved matter Found in heart and blood vessels Blood - Connective Tissue

25. Diffusion Ex.: inner lining of heart and blood vessels, lungs, kidneys Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous NucleusCytoplasm LM x 270 View from top

26. Dead layers packed with keratin –epidermis Retards water loss, barrier to organisms, resists abrasion Keratinized Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous General function – resistance against abrasion/friction Two types:

27. Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous Lacks surface layers of dead cells Forms a moist, slippery layer, resists abrasion Ex.: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina Nonkeratinized

28. Absorption and secretion, mucus production Lines glands Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, and kidney tubules Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal

29. Nuclei line up at basal surface, microvilli on apical surface Absorption and secretion; mucus secretion Inner lining of stomach, uterus, and kidney, intestine Epithelial Tissue Simple Columnar

30. Not all cells reach apical surface, cilia Secretes and propels respiratory mucus Ex.: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, male reproductive tract Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified Columnar