2. Tissue Healing and Repair Chapter 5 or 6

3. Injury Mechanisms Force and Its Effects – Load – Deformation – Yield Point – Elastic Limit

4. Forces Axial Force Compressive Force Tensile Force Shear Force Stress

5. Skin Tissue Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Layer

6. Skin Injury Classification Abrasions Blisters Skin Bruises Incisions Lacerations Avulsions Punctures

7. Tendons, Ligaments, and Aponeuroses Tendons – Connect muscle to bone Ligaments – Connect bone to bone Made up primarily of collagen and elastin

8. Muscles Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Fasciculus – Muscle Fibers – Myofibrils

9. Soft Tissue Injury Classification Contusions (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd degree) – Ecchymosis (Superficial bleeding) – Hematoma (Hardening of the blood) Strains (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd degree) Sprains (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd degree) Cramps and Spasms Myositis and Faciitis

10. Soft Tissue Injury Classification cont. Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis Myositis Ossificans Calcific Tendinitis Bursitis

11. Muscle Bruises- Grading 1 st degree- Little or no range of motion loss. 2 nd degree- Noticeable loss or range of motion. 3 rd degree- Severe restriction of range of motion. Fascia may be ruptured causing muscle tissue to protrude.

12. Sprains and Strains Grading 1 st degree- Limited pain, only microtearing of the collagen fibers, no loss of function. 2 nd degree- More intense pain, partial tearing of the tissue, joint instability and muscle weakness. 3 rd degree- Severe pain, complete tearing, loss of ROM, complete instability.

13. Soft Tissue Healing Inflammatory Phase (0-6 days) Proliferation Phase (3-21 days) Regeneration and Maturation Phase (up to 1+ year)

15. Bones Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate Collagen Water

16. Bone Injury Classification Fractures – Closed – Compounded – Transverse – Comminuted – Oblique – Epiphyseal – Spiral – Greenstick – Avulsion – Impacted – Depressed

17. Nerves Afferent Nerves (Affectors) Efferent Nerves (Effectors)

18. Nerve Injury Classification Tensile forces cause stretching of the nerve fibers. – Grade I: Neurapraxia: temporary loss of sensation and/or motor function. – Grade II: Axonotmesis: significant motor and mild sensory losses. – Grade III: Neurotmesis: motor and sensory losses persisting for up to one year.