1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lecture 27 Cartilage,Bone &Blood tissue

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilage  Chondroblasts and chondrocytes  Tough yet flexible  Lacks nerve fibers  Up to 80% water - can rebound after compression  Avascular  Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it  Perichondrium  Three types of cartilage:  Hyaline cartilage  Elastic cartilage  Fibrocartilage

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage Its quality is between dense connective and bone Lacks nerve fiber and vascular Cartilage matrix is mainly fluid and contain up to 80%water The cell types are Chondrocytes that are in small groups called Lacunae Three types: Hyaline,Elastic and fibrocartilage

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage  Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible ( Tiny, very slight ) network of collagen fibers  Chondrocytes lie in lacunae  Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression  Forms the costal cartilage  Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilage: hyaline Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Costal cartilages Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from a costal cartilage of a rib (470x). Matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna Figure 4.8g Connective tissues.

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage  Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers  Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility  Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilage: elastic Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis. Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage from the human ear pinna; forms the flexible skeleton of the ear (800x). Chondrocyte in lacuna Matrix Figure 4.8h Connective tissues.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage  Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers  Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock  Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilage: fibrocartilage Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock. Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint. Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (125x). Special staining produced the blue color seen. Collagen fiber Chondrocytes in lacunae Intervertebral discs Figure 4.8i Connective tissues.

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bone  Also called osseous tissue  Supports and protects body structures  Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities  More collagen than cartilage  Has inorganic calcium salts  Osteoblasts produce matrix  Osteocytes maintain the matrix  Osteons – structural units  Richly vascularized

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)  Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone  Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized  Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action  Stores calcium, minerals, and fat  Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Others: bone (osseous tissue) Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Function: Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Location: Bones Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view of bone (125x). Lamella Central canal Lacunae Figure 4.8j Connective tissues.

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood  Most atypical connective tissue – is a fluid  Red blood cells most common cell type  Also contains white blood cells and platelets  Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting  Functions in transport

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Blood  Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)  Contained within blood vessels  Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Connective tissue: blood Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: Contained within blood vessels. Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1670x); shows two white blood cells surrounded by red blood cells. Plasma White blood cells: Lymphocyte Neutrophil Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Figure 4.8k Connective tissues.

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Figure 4.6

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thank you