1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2. It connects other tissues.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue is one of the basic tissues which gives structural and metabolic support to the organ and other tissue of the body.
It connects other tissues.

3. Functions Support Structural & Mechanical
Packing Fills spaces, Shape to the organ
Storage Adipose tissue: energy
Loose areolar CT: water & Electrolytes
Transport Medium for Nutrients & Metabolic wastes
Repair Fibroblasts:matrix and fibres
Defense Cells: Phagocytosis or Antibodies

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE GENERAL FEATURES 1. Cells 2. Matrix -Fibers
-Ground substance

5. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major constituent- Extracellular Matrix Strength

7. Cells of Connective Tissue
A. Fixed cells (intrinsic cells)
1.Fibroblast & Fibrocytes
2. Mesenchymal cells
3. Adipocyte
4. Fixed macrophages
B. Free cells (extrinsic cells/Wandering Cells)
4.Free Macrophage
5. Mast cell
6. Plasma cells
7. Leucocytes

8. Function
Fixed Cells: Production & Maintenance of Extracellular Matrix.
Free Cells:Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of Microorganisms.

9. Fibroblast Most commonly seen
Fusiform with slender cytoplasmic process
Large oval nucleus,
Responsible for fiber production
Old cells are fibrocyte,
Contractile Cells are myofibroblast

10. Fibroblast

11. Adipocytes Store lipid Appears as empty space Incapable to division
Aggregate in adipose tissue with reticular fibre

12. Mesenchymal cells Undifferentiated cells Stellate in shape,
Cytoplasmic process,
Pluripotenant cell
Near blood vessels as Advential cell

13. Macrophages (Histiocytes)
Free and Fixed type,
Fixed Cells-
Irregular Shape
filopodia process,
Dark indented eccentric nucleus,
Derived from monocyte
Involved in phagocytosis
Fused to form giant cell.
Free Cells- rounded, no filopodia

14. Plasma cells Oval basophilic cells, Eccentric nucleus
Heterochromatin as cartwheel nucleus
Derived from B lymphocyte
Produces immunoglobulin
Antibody collected as Russell body.
Present in respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract

16. Mast cell Round or Fusiform Shaped Mostly along blood vessels,
Metachromatic granules in cytoplasm,
Granules have Histamine or Heparin,
Look like basophil, so called as connective tissue basophil .
Connective tissue mast cell –heparin granule, present in skin.
Mucosal mast cell –small, present in lamina propria of git and respiratory tract

18. Leucocytes- . Granulocytes-Neutrophils, Esinophils, Basophiles
. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes, Monocytes

19. Leucocytes

20. Collagen Fibre White colour when fresh Do not branch,wavy
present in bundle
Collagen protein forms Fibres
Fibres composed of fibril made of microfibrils
Micro fibrils made up tropocollagen-striations
Synthesized by fibroblast

21. Collagen
Tropocollagen is synthesized by fibroblasts and released into extracellular space where they get polymerized to form collagen fibrils
Collagen on boiling gives gelatin
More than 25 types are present
Collagen is also synthesized by
Chondroblasts: in collagen
Osteoblasts : in bone
Smooth Muscle: in blood vessels
Odontoblasts: in the tooth

22. Types Type1-bones ,tendons, dermis etc Type2-cartilage
Type3-reticular fibres
Type4-basement membrane
Type5-blood vessels

23. Synthesis
Amino acids
Procollagen
Three chains
Tropocollagen
Collagen

24. Elastic fibre Yellow in color when fresh Composed of elastin protein
Singly present
Branched and anastomose forming a network
Can be stretched (one and a half times)
Synthesized by fibroblast and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels
Found in ligamentum flava, ligamentum nuchae, large arteries

25. Reticular fibre Structurally similar to collagen fibres
Are very thin Immature collagen fibre
Actively branch to form delicate network therefore named Reticular
Form supportive framework of lymphoid tissue
Stained black by silver salts (argyrophillic)
Composed of Collagen Type III

26. Ground Substance Transparent & Homogeneous
Fills spaces between cells and fibres
Acts as amoleculer sieve facilitating diffusion between blood and tissues.
Composition:
Mucopolysaccharides
Structural Glycoproteins
Water & Electrolytes

27. Mucopolysaccharides(Glycosaminoglycans): Consistency & viscocity of GS, serves as a physical barrier in spreading infection. Examples: Hyaluronic Acid & Heparan Sulphate.
Structural Glycoproteins: Adhesion of cells to the neighbouring cells. Examples: Fibronectin(Dermis), Chondronectin(in Cartilage) & Laminin(in basement membrane)
Water & Electrolytes: Maintenance of Fluid balance.

28. Ground substance Polysacchrides - hexurate or galectose
Carbohydrate protein complex (proteoglycanes)-
1- mucopolysacchride (glucosaminoglycanes)
NonSulphates-chondroitin and hyluronic acid
Sulphates - chondotinesulphate, heparitine sulphate, keratohyline
2- glycoprotienes- fibronectine(dermis), chondronectine (cartilage), laminin (b.m)
water & minerals

29. Connective tissue Classification
1.Ordinary connective tissue- Loose connective tissue
-Dense connective tissue
Regular
Irregular
2.connective tissue with special properties
Adipose tissue
Mucoid tissue
Reticular tissue
Pigmented tissue
3.Scleral connective tissue -Bone
-Cartilage
4.Lymphoid and heamopoietc connective tissue

30. Examples
Loose areolar connective tissue- subperitoneal tissue, endomysium, lamina propria
Dense collagenous C T
Regular- tendon, ligament, aponeurosis
Irregular-dermis of skin
Connective T with special properties
Elastic-Ligamentum nuchae
Mucoid/ Embryonic tissue- Wharton’s jelly
Reticular Tissue- Stroma of lymphoid organ

32. Loose connective tissue

34. Loose Connective Tissue

35. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

36. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

37. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

38. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

39. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

40. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

41. Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

42. Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

43. Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

44. Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

45. Reticular Connective Tissue

46. Adipose Connective Tissue

47. Irregular Adipose Connective Tissue

49. Mucoid Tissue

51. MCQ Plasma Cells are derived from 1. Monocytes 2. Basophils
3.T lymphocytes
4. B Lymphocytes

52. MCQ Large number of elastic fibres are present in 1. Tendon
2. Ligamentum Nuchae
3. Basement Membrane
4. Aponeurosis

53. MCQ
The fat cells of Multilocular adipose tissue (Brown fat) is characterized by the presence of 1.Spherical central nucleus and many lipid droplets. 2.Flat peripheral nucleus and single lipid drop 3.Flat central nucleus and single lipid droplet 4.Thin rim of cytoplasm

54. MCQ Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Collagen
1.Constitutes 30% of the dry body weight
2.Is synthesized by fibroblasts
3.Is composed of Mucopolysaccharides
4.Gives gelatin on denaturation