1. Anatomy and Physiology I
Tissue Types

2. Key Terms Histology: the study of tissues. Tissues:
groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions.

3. Four Basic Kinds of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

4. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Locations:
Covers the body
Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body
Covers the organs inside body cavities
Epithelial Tissue Functions:
Protection from physical & chemical injury,
Protection against microbial invasion,
Contains receptors which respond to stimuli,
Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and
Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

5. Examples of Epithelium Tissue
Lines the respiratory tract
Lines the digestive system
Skin
Surrounding internal organs
Characteristics of Epithelium Tissue
Cells are tightly packed
Regenerate easily
Avascular – lack blood vessels
apical surface – exposed surface
Basement membrane – anchors down cells

6. Connective Tissue Connective Tissue: Connective Tissue Functions:
Most abundant & widely distributed tissue
Connective Tissue Functions:
Connects, binds and supports structures,
Tendons, ligaments, etc.
Protects & cushions organs and tissues,
Insulates (fat) and
Transports substances (blood).

7. Examples of Connective Tissue
Bones
Cartilage
Tendons
Blood
Fat
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Most are well vascularized – have a good blood supply
Some have very poor blood supply being avascular.
Extracellular matrix – nonliving substance found outside the cells

8. Extracellular Matrix explained
Nonliving material between cells
Produced by the cells and then extruded
Responsible for the strength
Two components
Ground substance
Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular

9. Epithelial Tissue in Detail

10. Classification of epithelia
According to thickness
“simple” - one cell layer
“stratified” – more than one layer of cells (which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical(base) layer)
According to shape
“squamous” – wider than tall
“cuboidal” – as tall as wide
“columnar” - taller than wide

11. Classes of Epithelia Simple: just one layer or cell shape
Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes
Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

12. Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Simple Epithelia
Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

13. to protect

14. where diffusion is important
where tissues are involved in secretion and absorption: larger cells because of the machinery of production, packaging, and energy requirements

16. Simple Squamous Epithelium
Descriptions:
Single layer, flattened cells, simplest of epithelia
Function:
Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances
Location:
Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

18. Simple Cuboidal epithelium
Descriptions:
Single layered, cube like, large spherical central nuclei
Function:
Secretion and absorption
Location:
Kidney tubules, ovary surfaces

19. “ciliated” literally = eyelashes
(see next page)

20. Simple Columnar Epithelium
Descriptions:
Single layer, tall, round or oval nuclei, some bear cilia,
may contain mucus-secreting glands(goblet cells)
Function:
Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes, cilia propels mucus
Location:
Nonciliated lines the digestive tract
Ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts of uterus.

22. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Descriptions:
Single layer w/ differing heights, nuclei at different levels, may have goblet cells or cilia
Function:
Secretion(especially mucus), propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Location:
Nonciliated in sperm carrying ducts
Ciliated lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract.

23. Stratified: regenerate from below

24. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Descriptions: (most common stratified)
Several layers, surface cells are squamous, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
Function:
Protects underlying tissues in areas of abrasion
Location:
Esophagus, the mouth, outer portion of skin

25. Rare…

26. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Descriptions: (rare)
Usually two layers of cube-like cells
Function:
Protection
Location:
Rare
Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

27. Rare…

28. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Descriptions: (rare)
Several layers thick, columnar with varying in size and shape
Function:
Protection, secretion
Location:
Rare
Large ducts of glands

30. Transitional Epithelium
Descriptions:
Highly modified, several layers of cuboidal or columnar cells
Function:
Stretches readily, allowing distention of urinary organs
Location:
Lines the ureters, bladder, parts of urethra

31. Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

32. Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?
Quiz!! E
Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium? D A B C
Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

33. Specific Connective Tissue In Detail

35. Bone Descriptions: Aka: osseous tissue Function: Location:
Hard calcified matrix, surrounded by layers of calcium salts in additions to lots of collagen fibers
Cells sit in cavities called “lacunae”
Function:
Protection and support
Location:
Skeletal system

37. Hyaline Cartilage Descriptions: (hyalin=glass) Function: Location:
Most common and widespread type
Collagen fibers with a rubbery matrix
Function:
Supports/reinforces, resilient cushioning
Location:
Covers ends of bones in joints, nose, trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton

39. Elastic Cartilage Descriptions: Function: Location:
Collagen fibers with a rubbery matrix
Very elastic
Function:
Maintains shape of structure
gives flexibility
Location:
External ear
epiglottis

41. Fibrocartilage Descriptions: Function: Location:
Similar to hyaline but less firm
Much like a cushion
Function:
Absorbs compressive shock
Location:
Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joint

44. Dense Connective Tissue
Descriptions:
Collagen fibers, fibroblasts fill gaps between collagen
Strong ropelike structures like tendons and ligaments
Function:
Connect muscles to bones, connect bones at joints, lots of tensile strength
Location:
joints

45. Vocab Fibroblasts – cells that make collagen fibers
Tendons – attach skeletal muscles to bones
Ligaments - connect bones to bones at joints. More stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendon

47. Loose CT: Areolar Tissue
Descriptions:
Gel-like matrix w/ all three fiber types
Very loose network w/ lots of open space
Function:
Wraps and cushions organs, a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues, important for swelling
Location:
Under epithelia, around organs, surrounds capillaries

49. Loose CT: Adipose Tissue
Descriptions: (fat)
Very similar to areolar tissue
Fat cells predominate
Function:
Insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs, reserve food fuel
Location:
Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, abdomen and breast

51. Loose CT: Reticular CT Descriptions: Function: Location:
Network of reticular fibers (similar to fibroblast)
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Function:
Form soft internal skeleton that supports other cells such as white blood cells, mast cells
Location:
Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

53. Blood Descriptions: (vascular tissue) Function: Location:
Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Fibers are soluble only seen during clotting
Function:
Transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes ect.
Location:
Everywhere

54. Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue: Muscle Tissue Functions:
Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body.
Made to contract
Called muscle fibers because they are elongated to provide a long axis for contraction
Muscle Tissue Functions:
Movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Facial expressions
Pumps blood
Peristalsis

55. Specific Muscle Tissue Types:
skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

57. Skeletal Muscle Descriptions: Function: Location:
Long, cylindrical, obvious striations, multinucleated
Function:
Voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment, facial expression
Gross body movement
Location:
Attached to bones

59. Cardiac Muscle Descriptions: Function: Location:
Branching, striated, uninucleated cells that fit tightly together at junctions called “intercalated disks”
Function:
Involuntary control, propels blood into circulation.
Location:
Walls of the heart

61. Smooth Muscle Descriptions: (visceral) Function: Location:
No striations, spindle-shaped w/ central nuclei
Arranged closely to form sheets
Function:
Propelles substances along internal passageways, involuntary control
Peristalsis – wavelike motion
Location:
Walls of the stomach, bladder, uterus and blood vessels

62. Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue: Nervous Tissue Functions:
Main component of the nervous system,
ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves.
Nervous Tissue Functions:
Regulates & controls body functions
Generates & transmits nerve impulses
Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons.

64. Nervous Tissue Descriptions: (Neurons) Function: Location:
Branching cells, has long extended parts
Irritability and conductivity
Have “supporting cells” that insulate, support and protect neurons.
Function:
Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors that control their activity
Location:
Brain, Spinal cord and nerves

65. Muscle - Skeletal Muscle fibers (cells) long, parallel & cylindrical
With many nuclei (multinucleate)
Striations (cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells
Produce voluntary movement
Locomotion
Heat

66. Specific Nervous Tissue Types Nervous – Neuron
Branching cells with many long processes
Large central nucleus
Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas
Regulate activities through neuron impulses