1. Christian Alliance S C Chan Memorial College Physical Education Department F.3 Theory – Energy Systems

2. The Importance of ATP Energy for muscle contraction comes from the breakdown of a chemical compound named adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The breakdown of ATP releases energy which stimulate muscles to work

3. Sources of ATP 1.Protein – used to produce ATP only under prolonged starvation condition E.g. people compete in marathon running events

4. 2.Carbohydrates – are broken down to glucose and stored as glycogen in muscles and liver Chemical reactions involving glucose produce ATP If excess carbohydrate, it is converted to adipose and stored

5. 3.Fats – broken down to fatty acids and triglycerides Fatty acids are stored as adipose (fat) tissue or circulate in blood Triglycerides are stored in the muscles and these can produce ATP through chemical reactions

6. Chemical systems that produce ATP Three Ways By the Stored Phosphagens (ATP & PC System) By the Lactic Acid (Anaerobic) System By the Aerobic System

7. ATP production during resting conditions (Aerobic System) ATP is produced aerobically Glucose + oxygen or triglycerides + oxygen to release ATP

8. ATP production during exercise During exercise, the energy system being used to produce ATP depends on how long you have been exercising, and at what intensity

9. ATP production during exercise The ATP-PC System ATP stored is broken down to release energy for contraction Exhausted after about 10 seconds (provides energy for tasks of only about 0-10 seconds duration The CP and the stored ATP are restored after about two minutes ’ rest

10. ATP production during exercise The Lactic Acid System Glucose is converted to lactic acid, giving ATP Lactic acid is slowly removed and broken down into carbon dioxide and water; it is toxic in large amounts and produces fatigue This system provides energy for a high-intensity task of 30-seconds to 2-minutes duration (submaximal exercise)

11. ATP production during exercise The Aerobic System Uses glucose (main) or triglycerides to release energy Provides energy for muscle contraction for low-intensity tasks lasting five-minutes or more Produce far more ATP than does the lactic acid system, but does not produce toxic waste

12. Energy sources for particular sports The energy sources needed for each sport are specific to the sport being played; its duration and its intensity E.g. The 5000m Race: First 10 sec.: ATP/PC system 10sec – 30sec: transition from ATP/PC to Lactic Acid System 2-5min: Transition from Lactic Acid system to aerobic system 5+min: Aerobic system Final sprint: combined aerobic / lactic acid system

13. The energy continuum and various sports activities Although both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems contribute some ATP during the performance of various sports, one system usually contributes more. Aerobic System (In the order of higher percentage) Marathon > 10000m Run > 10000m Skating > 3-mile Run > 2- mile Run > 1-mile Run > Rowing (2000m) > Boxing > 800m Dash > Field Hockey > Tennis > 100m Swim > Fencing > Wrestling and Ice hockey > Weight-lifting, Diving, Gymnastics, 200m Dash

14. Anaerobic System (In the order of higher percentage) 100m Dash, Golf and tennis swings, American football > Basketball, baseball, volleyball, skating (550m), 400m Dash > Soccer > 200m Swim, Skating (1500m) > 1500m Run > 800m Swim > Cross-country running > Cross-country skiing > Jogging

15. The End