2. Category Building blocks of the cell (monomer) Larger units of the cell (polymers) Carbohydrates monosaccharide (simple sugar) polysaccharide (complex sugar) Proteinsamino acidspolypeptide Lipids Fatty acids, Glycerol Lipid Nucleic AcidsNucleotideNucleic acid

3. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique – Unstable: 2 nd level not full – Will bond up to four times 1 2 3 4 1 2 6 protons 6 electrons

4. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique – Unstable: 2 nd level not full – Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules – Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers – Ex: Protein monomer Polymer

5. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique – Unstable: 2 nd level not full – Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules – Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers – Ex: Protein Amino acid Protein

6. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique – Unstable: 2 nd level not full – Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules – Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers – Ex: Protein Simple sugar Complex sugar

7. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique – Unstable: 2 nd level not full – Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules – Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers – Ex: Protein nucleotide Nucleic acid

8. Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? So what do atoms do when they are unstable? Problem: Drawing dot diagrams is time consuming. Try this instead! 1 dash = 2 electrons C H H H H C H H H H C They bond. This is the molecule methane, CH 4. Stable H H H H C

9. The Same Thing… 1 dash = 2 electrons F F F F C F F F F C

10. Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Single bonds How many electrons? 1 Dash = 2 electrons

11. Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Single bonds Very complex How many electrons? 1 Dash = 2 electrons

12. Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Double bonds Single bonds Very complex 1 Dash = 2 electrons How many electrons?

13. Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Double bonds Triple bonds Single bonds Very complex How many electrons? 1 Dash = 2 electrons

14. Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Double bonds Triple bonds Ring structures Single bonds Very complex How many electrons? 1 Dash = 2 electrons

15. Carbohydrates Readily available food source C 1 : H 2 : O 1 ratio – Ex: Glucose = C 6 H 12 O 6 Monomer: Monosaccharides – Simple sugars – Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide – Complex sugars Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) monosaccharide Poly- saccharide

16. Carbohydrates Readily available food source C 1 : H 2 : O 1 ratio – Ex: Glucose = C 6 H 12 O 6 Monomer: Monosaccharides – Simple sugars – Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide – Complex sugars Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HOOH HO O Monosaccharide 1 H2OH2O OH2OH2O How do the monosaccharides bond together? Dehydration synthesis

17. Opposite Reactions Dehydration synthesis – Water molecule (H2O) removed – Causes monomers to bond into polymers (large molecules built) Monomer 1Monomer 2 Polysaccharide water

18. Opposite Reactions Dehydration synthesis – Water molecule (H2O) removed – Causes monomers to bond into polymers (large molecules built) Hydrolysis – Water molecule (H2O) added – Causes polymers to break into monomers (large molecule broken apart) All organic molecules built/reduced by these reactions PolysaccharideWater Monomer 1 Monomer 2

19. Dehydration Synthesis Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HOOH HO O Monosaccharide 1 H2OH2O OH2OH2O Hydrolysis Monosaccharide 2 O Monosaccharide 3 OH O HO Monosaccharide 1 H2OH2O H2OH2O HO OH Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HO OH

20. Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored glucose

21. Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles About 30,000 glucose monomers make up glycogen

22. Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles Ex: Cellulose: used in plants to make cell walls Plasma membrane Cell wall

23. Chapter 2 Free Response Test Question Version A: Diagram the process of hydrolysis using a sugar as an example. Be sure to indicate the following: a.Original molecules b.End molecules c.Label all parts, including the bond atoms Version B: Diagram the process of dehydration synthesis using a sugar as an example. Be sure to indicate the following: a.Original molecules b.End molecules c.Label all parts, including the bond atoms

24. Review 1)How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1 st energy level? 2 nd energy level? 2)Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? 3)If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain? 4)What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? 5)What are the polymers of carbohydrates called? 6)How does dehydration and hydrolysis differ? 7)Which polymer is stored by animals? 8)Which polymer is stored by plants?