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Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA1 Higher or Lower Density? What Gives the Best Bang for the Buck for.

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Presentation on theme: "Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA1 Higher or Lower Density? What Gives the Best Bang for the Buck for."— Presentation transcript:

1 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA1 Higher or Lower Density? What Gives the Best Bang for the Buck for Mitigating the Effects of Development? John Jacob, Ph.d. Ricardo López, M.S.

2 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 2-30 Low Impact Development Vs. Urban Sprawl   Low Impact Development (LID) Increase the amount of perviousness in developed areas   Smart Growth Increase density (and therefore imperviousness), but save more open space overall

3 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 3-30 Goal Report the results of a modeling effort comparing the two approaches in a hypothetical watershed

4 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 4-30 Impervious land cover  Impervious surface features are those that prohibit water from naturally infiltrating the ground (concrete, pavement, etc)  Urban Landscapes: Concrete, pavement, rooftops Concrete, pavement, rooftops Swimming Pools Swimming Pools  Impervious Land Cover: essentially the area that is not “green”  Impervious surface features are those that prohibit water from naturally infiltrating the ground (concrete, pavement, etc)  Urban Landscapes: Concrete, pavement, rooftops Concrete, pavement, rooftops Swimming Pools Swimming Pools  Impervious Land Cover: essentially the area that is not “green”

5 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 5-30 Pop. Density Vs. Impervious Land Cover Total Population: 100,000 5,000 Pop/Sq. Mile Total Study Area: 50 Sq. Miles 10,000 Pop/Sq. Mile Total Study Area: 50 Sq. Miles Developed Area: 20 Sq. Miles Developed Area: 10 Sq. Miles

6 May 8-210, 2006The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV 6 Good Fair Poor Watershed Impervious Cover Stream Quality Sensitive Impacted Non-Supporting Urban Drainage Impervious Cover Model 10% 25% 40% 60% 100% Center for Watershed Protection

7 May 8-210, 2006The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV 7 City of League City, TX 2002 Aerial Photo

8 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 8-30

9 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 9-30 100,000 new residents

10 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 10-30 100,000 new residents 8.3 sq mi @ 12,000 pop / sq mi

11 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 11-30 100,000 new residents 3.4 sq mi @ 30,000 pop / sq mi

12 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 12-30 League City Area: 53 Sq. Miles Population: 50,000 (2000) Bogota Area: 160 Sq. Mile Population: 6,500,000 (2000) BOGOTA, COL 160 Sq. mi. @ 40,000 pop/sq mi

13 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA13 Pollutant Load Calculations

14 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 14-30 Pollutant Load Model (1) Input: LULC Vector format ArcGIS 9 Model Builder

15 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 15-30 Pollutant Load Model (2) Input: LULC Raster format ArcGIS 9 Model Builder

16 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 16-30 Pollutant Load Model  Simplified, GIS-based application  Developed in ArcGIS 9.x (Model Builder)  Raster data model  Estimates total pollutant loads (NPS) in lbs / yr, for any user-specified pollutant  Based on the empirical Simple Method developed by Schueler (1987) for estimating pollutant export from small urban watersheds

17 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 17-30 Model Input Data  Geo-spatial Data Watershed Boundaries Watershed Boundaries Land-Use/Land-Cover (LULC) - Vector or raster Land-Use/Land-Cover (LULC) - Vector or raster  Tabular Data Event Mean Concentration (EMC) table - Text (csv) Event Mean Concentration (EMC) table - Text (csv) Imperviousness factors table - Text (csv) Imperviousness factors table - Text (csv)

18 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 18-30 Runoff Coefficient RVU * RVU = 0.05 + (0.009 * IU) Where: RVU = Runoff Coefficient for land use type u, inches(runoff) / inches(rainfall)RVU = Runoff Coefficient for land use type u, inches(runoff) / inches(rainfall) IU = Percent ImperviousnessIU = Percent Imperviousness * Schueler 1987 (Washington D.C.)

19 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 19-30 IMP - Imperviousness values (%)

20 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 20-30 Total Pollutant Load (lb/yr) * LP = Σ U (P * PJ* RVU * CU* AU * 2.72 / 12) Where: LP = Pollutant load, lb/yrLP = Pollutant load, lb/yr P = Precipitation, in/yr (assumed 46 for study area)P = Precipitation, in/yr (assumed 46 for study area) PJ = Ratio of storms producing runoff (default = 0.9)PJ = Ratio of storms producing runoff (default = 0.9) RVU= Runoff Coefficient for land use type u, inches(runoff)/inches(rainfall)RVU= Runoff Coefficient for land use type u, inches(runoff)/inches(rainfall) CU = EMC for land use type u, mg/lCU = EMC for land use type u, mg/l AU = Area of land use type u, in acresAU = Area of land use type u, in acres * Schueler 1987 (Washington D.C.)

21 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 21-30 Event Mean Concentration (EMC)  An EMC is defined as the total constituent mass discharge divided by the total runoff volume (EPA 1983)  EMCs were developed by the EPA’s Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) (1983) to serve as a national measure of the magnitude of urban runoff, specifically pollutant loadings  An EMC is defined as the total constituent mass discharge divided by the total runoff volume (EPA 1983)  EMCs were developed by the EPA’s Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) (1983) to serve as a national measure of the magnitude of urban runoff, specifically pollutant loadings

22 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 22-30 EMC - Event Mean Concentration values for TSS, BOD, TN and TP in mg/l (Houston Area EMC Database) GBNEP – 15 March 1992

23 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 23-30 Scenarios   No development   Full buildout at 4000 people/mi2 (Status Quo)   Same population as full buildout but at 12,000 people/mi2   Same population as full buildout but at 30,000 people/mi2   Full-buildout scenario at 4000 people/mi2 with the addition of best management practices (BMPs or “LID”) treating 20% of the area with a 65% effectiveness.

24 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA24 Results

25 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 25-30

26 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 26-30 Pollutant Loads - Comparison Chart (lbs / year) Total NitrogenTotal Phosphorus Biochemical Oxygen DemandTotal Suspended Solids

27 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 27-30 Conclusions   The BMP scenario reduced pollutant loadings from the conventional-density, full-buildout scenario by 13-15%.   Holding the population constant and increasing density 3-fold to 12,000 people/mi2, decreased pollutant load overall by 50-75%.   Clearly, density should be considered as a BMP in its own right when considering development scenarios.   But the LID approach remains valid in the low density developments that are destined to remain with us.

28 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 28-30 Texas Sea Grant / Tx. Coop. Extension Texas A&M University www.urban-nature.org Ricardo A Lopez M.S. 17000 El Camino Real, Suite 301 Houston, TX 77058 (281) 218 0570 E-mail: rilopez@tamu.edu rilopez@tamu.edu

29 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA29 Appendix

30 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 30-30 What is Urban Sprawl?  To spread out in a way that is not organized. www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/virtualbird/glossary.html www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/virtualbird/glossary.html  Haphazard growth or outward extension of a city resulting from uncontrolled or poorly managed development. www.co.monterey.ca.us/gpu/glossary2.htm www.co.monterey.ca.us/gpu/glossary2.htm  Current development patterns, where rural land is converted to urban uses more quickly than needed to house new residents and support new businesses, and people become more dependent on automobiles. www.smartgrowth.org/bibliographies/greenlit_search/gl ossary.html www.smartgrowth.org/bibliographies/greenlit_search/gl ossary.html www.smartgrowth.org/bibliographies/greenlit_search/gl ossary.html

31 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 31-30 BASINS  BASINS: Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Multipurpose environmental analysis system designed to perform watershed and water quality-based studies Multipurpose environmental analysis system designed to perform watershed and water quality-based studies Makes it possible to quickly assess large amounts of point source and non-point source data Makes it possible to quickly assess large amounts of point source and non-point source data Geographic Information System (GIS) tool developed as an extension to ArcView software program (Environmental System Research Institute – ESRI) Geographic Information System (GIS) tool developed as an extension to ArcView software program (Environmental System Research Institute – ESRI)

32 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 32-30 Watershed Boundary  Watersheds define the areas for which the pollutant loads are calculated  Available from local government agencies in most moderate- to high-density urban areas  May be derived using standard GIS or BASINS tools and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data files (See appendix)  Dataset must have a code field containing unique identifiers for each watershed  Vector format, projected CS, same projection and datum, stored in meters (map units)

33 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 33-30 LULC Dataset  Defines Land-Use/Land-Cover types for the study area  Dataset must encompass the entire watershed  Essential for calculating the pollutant loads.  Available from local government agencies in most moderate- to high-density urban areas  If available in raster format (grid of cells), must be converted to vector format (polygon spatial features)

34 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 34-30 Imperviousness & EMC Tables DATASET: imp_csv: Imperviousness table Attributes: LUCODE: Land use unique identifier Imperv: Imperviousness factor (Percentage in percent fraction format) DATASET: emc_csv: Event mean concentrations table Attributes: LUCODE: Land use unique identifier TN: Total Nitrogen (mg/l) BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) TSS: Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) TP: Total Phosphorus (mg/l)

35 Houston, TX May 8-210, 2006 The AWRA 2006 Conference on GIS & Water Resources IV AWRA 35-30 Software References P-LOAD (ArcView extension to BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point & Nonpoint Sources – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA): BASINS 3.1 Description: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ftp/basins/system/B ASINS3/areadb3.htm http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ftp/basins/system/B ASINS3/areadb3.htm Download BASINS 3.1 program and data: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/index.html

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