1. Stormwater Management: Making Sure Green Is Green

2. Critical Link between Land and Water: Two Sides of the Same Coin

3. What happens on the land….

4. Jersey City Reservoir, Morris County
…has everything to do with what happens in and to the water.

5. Components of Sustainability Water-Related:
Comprehensive Stormwater
Management
Recycled Wastewater
Water Conserving Water Use
Just for Starters

6. The Problem - From Smart Growth…

8. Urban Landscape-
Rainfall runs off with very little infiltration.

9. “The only thing new in the world is the history we’ve forgotten…
“The only thing new in the world is the history we’ve forgotten….” Harry Truman

10. Sustainability…
Relates to private residential subdivision and retail and office and industrial centers….
Also relates to public facilities like schools and parks and recreational facilities and roads….

11. This could be a new park next to you!

12. Stormwater Impacts of Conventional Development (including Parks and Rec!)
Not just Increased Flooding!
Increased Runoff Volume
Decreased Evapotranspiration and Groundwater Recharge
Increased Frequency of Runoff Events
Faster Conveyance of Water
Erosion and Stream Channel Changes
Decreased Baseflow
Impacted Aquatic Life
Pollutants and Temperature Impacts

13. …not to mention other impacts of conventional development practices…
…not to mention other impacts of conventional development practices… Habitat Loss/Biodiversity Wetlands/Floodplains/Other Areas Soils/Special Geologic Features Air Quality/Microclimate Noise Historical/Archaeological Aesthetics/Scenic Quality of Life Public Health

14. Balancing the Water Cycle

15. Annual Hydrologic Cycle
For an Average Year
Imagine a one acre parcel of land that receives45” per year of rainfall.
Most infiltrates and returns as evapotranspiration.
Small amount runs off.
Maybe 15” per year infiltrates.
This is what recharges groundwater and keeps streams running.

17. Altered Hydrologic Cycle
After development, there is virtually no infiltration and nearly all rainfall runs off impervious surfaces.

18. Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff

19. Conventional Development Water Cycle Impacts:
Increased Peak Runoff Rate
Increased Runoff Volumes
Decreased Infiltration
Decreased Groundwater Recharge
Decreased Stream Baseflow
Decreased Evapotranspiration
Temperature
All of which translate into many more related hydrologic, ecologic, other impacts.

20. Conventional (Detention) Stormwater Management
Controls Peak Rate of Runoff to Predevelopment Conditions
Fails to Control Volume of Runoff
Fails to Control Nonpoint Pollutant/Temperature Loadings

25. We all live downstream…
We all live downstream…. We haven’t understood the basic hydrology of stream and river systems.

26. (PA State Climatological Office, 1926 – 2003)
Average Annual Rainfall Volume that Occurs by Storm Magnitude for Harrisburg, PA
(PA State Climatological Office, 1926 – 2003)
0.1” - 1”

27. Stormwater management has focused only on the largest storms…we haven’t paid attention to annual water balance and the reality of smaller storms.

30. Manage Stormwater as a Precious Resource… not a Disposal Problem
for Stream Baseflow/Low Flow for Wells and Springs for Wetlands

31. Nonpoint Source Pollution
Transported by and dissolved in runoff
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Metals
Nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrate)
Organic matter
Sediment
Synthetic Organics (pesticides,herbicides)

33. Pollutants in first flush of large and small storms.

34. Impacts on:. Stream Morphology. Aquatic Habitat
Impacts on: Stream Morphology Aquatic Habitat Bank Erosion and Undercutting Streambed Scouring

35. Dry Channels…
Eroded Streambanks…

36. Land Development Impacts on Stream Morphology:
Channel widening, downcutting, scouring
Stream bank erosion
Imbedded substrate with benthic impacts
Loss of pools, riffles

37. Land Development Impacts on Stream Ecology:
Reduced diversity of aquatic insects
Reduced diversity of fish
Decline of amphibians
Degraded wetlands, riparian zones

39. Land Development Impacts on Vegetation

41. Trees:
the Perfect
BMP

43. Land Development Impacts on Soil: A Living Foundation
Soil Horizons
Layer of Soil Parallel to Surface
Properties a function of climate, landscape setting, parent material, biological activity, and other soil forming processes.
Horizons (A, E, B, C, R, etc)
Image Source: University of Texas, 2002

44. Dramatic increases
in soil compaction…

45. Golf Courses, Parks, Athletic Fields
Common Bulk Density Measurements or How compacted is this soil?
Undisturbed Lands:
Forests & Woodlands
1.03g/cc
CONCRETE
2.2g/cc
Residential
Neighborhoods
1.69 to 1.97g/cc
NRCS has suggested linking ideal bulk densities to soil texture.
Permeability has an inverse relationship to bulk density.
Golf Courses, Parks, Athletic Fields
1.69 to 1.97g/cc
David B. Friedman, District Director -- Ocean County Soil Conservation District
Bulk Density is defined as the weight of a unit volume of soil including its pore space (g/cc or grams/cubic centimeter). Water and air are important components of soil and we must frame our soil concepts so that factors affecting water and air dynamics are included. Thus, we are primarily interested in bulk density and pore space as they affect water and aeration status, and root penetration and development.

46. Effects of Soil Disturbance
Adapted from Impact of Soil Disturbance During Construction on Bulk Density and Infiltration in Ocean County, New Jersey (2001) -

47. Getting Stormwater Right:. Structural BMPs. Mitigative
Getting Stormwater Right: Structural BMPs Mitigative Non-Structural BMPs Preventive

48. Site Planning & Design Procedures
STORMWATER CALCULATIONS
STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
PLAN
Zoning Guidance
SLDO Guidance
Township Comprehensive Plan
Minimum Disturbance, Minimum Maintenance
Lot Configuration & Clustering
Impervious Coverage
Disconnect, Distribute, Decentralize
Source Control
SITE ANALYSIS
NON-STRUCTURAL BMPs
STRUCTURAL BMPs
Site Analysis: Constraints vs. Opportunities
Background
Factors:
Environmental
Constraints
Opportunities
WATERSHED ANALYSIS
BUILDING PROGRAM ISSUES
PRE-
SUBMISSION
MEETING
APPLICANT
Design Phase 2
MITIGATIVE
BMPs
Restoration
Runoff Quality BMPs
Volume Reduction BMPs
Soil Infiltration-based BMPs
Design Phase 1
PREVENTIVE
Sensitive Areas
Site Factors Inventory

49. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated Swales (Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration beds       Infiltration trenches       French drains/dry wells       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Retentive grading techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality inserts Detention/Extended Detention Special Storage: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian Corridor Restoration Revegetation/Reforestation Soils Amendment

50. One size no longer fits all…

51. Structural BMPs Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented
Vegetative and Soil-Based
Porous Pavement
Infiltration Basin
Infiltration Bed
Infiltration Trench
Rain Garden/Bioretention
Dry Well / Seepage Pit
Constructed Filter
Vegetated Swale
Vegetated Filter Strip
Berm

52. Pollutant Removal Effectiveness
Water quality benefits of porous pavement with infiltration from “National Pollutant Removal Performance Database for Stormwater Treatment Practices” Center for Watershed Protection, June 2000 \

53. Porous Pavement

54. Porous Paving w/ Infiltration

55. Rams Head Plaza at University of North Carolina

56. DuPont Barley Mills Office Complex
Woods in center of photo were slated for removal for detention basin construction.
Instead, stormwater was put beneath paving.

57. Basin alternative

58. Roof leaders instead take runoff to beds beneath parking.

59. Precipitation is carried from roof by roof drains to storage beds.
Stormwater runoff from impervious and lawn areas is carried to storage beds.
Precipitation that falls on porous paving enters storage beds directly
Stone beds with 40% void space store water. Continuously perforated pipes distribute stormwater from impervious surfaces evenly throughout the beds.
Stormwater exfiltrates from storage beds into soil, recharging groundwater.

60. Perforated pipes in beds to convey runoff to beds.

61. Porous pavement in Hurricane Gloria
Porous pavement in Hurricane Gloria. Conventional pavement in foreground.

66. Costs of Porous Pavement
Generally costs the same or less for the site
Actual asphalt slightly more expensive
(special gradation and higher grade binder)
Reduces Piping Infrastructure and Basins
Penn State Berks Campus – 320 spaces 1999
- $3500 / space budgeted for standard pavement
- $2700 actual cost for porous
Better stormwater management also means reducing site disturbance.

67. Swarthmore College

68. Permeable Patios, Terraces, Courtyards

69. Infiltration Basins

70. Infiltration Basin – Commerce Plaza 1983

71. Vegetated Infiltration Beds
Distributing Water in Sub-Surface Bed

72. Penn New School 43rd and Locust Streets
PaDEP Growing Greener & Philadelphia Water Department
Porous Pavement Play Yard
Infiltration Bed Beneath Athletic Field
Rain Gardens and Native Vegetation
Environmental Education

75. Previous impervious parking lot at site

77. Completed Porous Pavement Playfield

80. Infiltration Trenches

81. Rain Gardens / Bioretention
Rainwater can support the landscape and soils, reducing pipes and basins.

83. Dry Well / Seepage Pit

84. Vegetated Swales (simple & inexpensive)

85. Vegetated Swale (Enhanced)

86. Vegetated Filter Strip

87. Infiltration Berms

88. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated Swales (Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration beds       Infiltration trenches       French drains/dry wells       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Retentive grading techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality inserts Detention/Extended Detention Special Storage: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian Corridor Restoration Revegetation/Reforestation Soil Amendment

89. Vegetated Roof

90. Vegetated Rooftops
Reduce the Volume of Stormwater Runoff (typically 50% or more annually)
Reduce the Rate of Stormwater Runoff
Increase the Lifespan of a Conventional Roof Surface by 2 to 3 times
MUST VIEW THIS VIA A SLIDESHOW!!!!
Reduce heating and cooling costs
Enhance property values and Aesthetics

91. Fencing Academy of Philadelphia RoofmeadowTM
Before
After

92. Stuttgart’s “Green Space”

94. Capture / Reuse Volume Control Reduced potable water consumption
Cost savings

95. UNC-Chapel Hill
$1.5 billion construction program, largest in 211-year history of UNC-CH
Funded in part by biggest higher education bond in U.S.
Guided by award-winning 2001 Campus Master Plan
Included an Environmental component which set rigorous goals
Describe historic campus, strong sense of place, 2 oldest state university buildings, importance of landscape, one of ASLA’s “most beautiful places in US, value of trees
Located as part of Triangle Area in North Carolina
UNC-Chapel Hill Campus Master Plan
Ayers Saint Gross, Architects

96. Rams Head Stormwater System 40,000 SF Green roof plaza Cistern
Vegetated swale w/ check dams
Reinforced-turf fire lane
Storage/infiltration bed under artificial turf athletic field
Re-created ephemeral stream
Water quality inserts
Manages runoff from project area and additional 17 acres
Image Source: Andropogon Associates

97. Vegetated Roof Plaza Unique, non-proprietary system design, including:
56,000-gallon cistern under pathways
Additional 32,000-gallon water storage zone under soil to support trees
Visual stormwater connections and overflows
12 to 24 inches of soil for native trees and groundcovers
Perforated pipe and Rainstore distribution system

98. Green Roof Plaza with Cisterns

99. Cistern constructed of recycled plastic “Rainstore”
Overflow to Storage Layer under soil

100. On average, it will fill and empty 9 times per irrigation season
56,000 gallon cistern filled by 2.7 inches of rainfall (in one or more storms)
On average, it will fill and empty 9 times per irrigation season
Provides 3 weeks irrigation without replenishment
Flood test of cistern area
Bricks being placed above cistern

101. …And then into an Infiltration Bed beneath an Artificial Turf Athletic Field
Describe historic campus, strong sense of place, 2 oldest state university buildings, importance of landscape, one of ASLA’s “most beautiful places in US, value of trees
Located as part of Triangle Area in North Carolina

102. Returning Springs and Stormwater Flow to Daylight

103. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated Swales (Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration beds       Infiltration trenches       French drains/dry wells       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Retentive grading techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality inserts Detention/Extended Detention Special Storage: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian Corridor Restoration Revegetation/Reforestation Soil Amendment

104. Constructed Wetlands

105. Wet Pond / Retention Basin

106. Water Quality Inserts/Filters

107. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated Swales (Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration beds       Infiltration trenches       French drains/dry wells       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Retentive grading techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality inserts Detention/Extended Detention Special Storage: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian Corridor Restoration Revegetation/Reforestation Soil Amendment

108. Riparian Buffer Restoration and Reforestation

109. Landscape Restoration
Seeding
1st year
Lawn to Sustainable Meadows
2nd year
3rd year
Images courtesy of Rolf Sauer and Partners

110. Landscape Restoration (cont.)

111. Soil Amendment / Restoration

112. Non-Structural Strategies. aka Low Impact Development
Non-Structural Strategies aka Low Impact Development aka Conservation Design aka Green Infrastructure Even for Community Parks!

113. Site Planning & Design Procedures
STORMWATER CALCULATIONS
STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
PLAN
Zoning Guidance
SLDO Guidance
Township Comprehensive Plan
Minimum Disturbance, Minimum Maintenance
Lot Configuration & Clustering
Impervious Coverage
Disconnect, Distribute, Decentralize
Source Control
SITE ANALYSIS
NON-STRUCTURAL BMPs
STRUCTURAL BMPs
Site Analysis: Constraints vs. Opportunities
Background
Factors:
Environmental
Constraints
Opportunities
WATERSHED ANALYSIS
BUILDING PROGRAM ISSUES
PRE-
SUBMISSION
MEETING
APPLICANT
Design Phase 2
MITIGATIVE
BMPs
Restoration
Runoff Quality BMPs
Volume Reduction BMPs
Soil Infiltration-based BMPs
Design Phase 1
PREVENTIVE
Sensitive Areas
Site Factors Inventory

114. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs 1
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs Protect Sensitive and Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect sensitive/special value features BMP 1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance utilize riparian areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow pathways in overall stormwater planning and design Cluster and Concentrate BMP 2.1 Cluster uses at each site; Build on the smallest area possible BMP 2.2 Concentrate uses areawide through Smart Growth practices Minimize Disturbance and Minimize Maintenance BMP 3.1 Minimize total disturbed area – grading BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction in disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate and re-forest disturbed areas, using native species Reduce Impervious Cover BMP 4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP 4.2 Reduce parking imperviousness Disconnect/Distribute/Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP 5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers

115. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s 1
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s Protect Sensitive and Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect sensitive/special value features BMP 1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance utilize riparian areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow pathways in overall stormwater planning and design

123. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs 2
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs Cluster and Concentrate BMP 2.1 Cluster uses at each site; build on the smallest area possible BMP 2.2 Concentrate uses areawide through Smart Growth practices

131. Cost Comparison: Chapel Run Conventional Development
Cost Comparison: Chapel Run Conventional Development $2,460,200 Conservation Design-Parkway $ 888,735

132. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs 3
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs Minimize Disturbance and Minimize Maintenance BMP 3.1 Minimize total disturbed area – grading BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction in disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate and re-forest disturbed areas, using native species

137. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs 4
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs Reduce Impervious Cover BMP 4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP 4.2 Reduce parking imperviousness

143. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs: 5
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMPs: Disconnect/Distribute/Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP 5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers

145. Top Ten Stormwater Management Principles: -Prevent first, -Mitigate second. -Manage as a resource – not a waste! -Maintain water cycle balance, pre- to post. -Integrate early into site design process. -Protect/utilize natural systems (soil, vegetation). -Manage as close to the source as possible. -Disconnect. Decentralize. Distribute. -Slow it down – don’t speed it up. -Achieve multiple objectives; do as much with as little as possible.

146. System Balance…. “…everything is connected to everything else….”

147. Stormwater Management: Making Sure Green is Green