1. The Santa Ana Winds Ryan Kittell AS 240A 2004

2. Well Known Fire wind oh desert wind She was born in a desert breeze And wind her way Through canyon way From the desert to the silvery sea - The Beach Boys

3. What Are They North to Easterly Wind Warm and Dry Wind on Leeside of Local Mtns Originates from the Great Basin Impacts: –Wind damage below passes and canyons –Favorable wildfire environment –Aircraft hazards –Beach busy-ness

4. Wildfires

5. Where Did the Name Come From? Named after Mexican president and general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna First to occur on Saint Anne’s Day - July 26 th Derived from the Spanish word Satana Derived from the Native American word Santana – “Big Bad Wind” Named by early Orange County settlers Reporter and casual historian Terry E. Stephenson researched the origin of the name in 1943. He concluded that early Spanish settlers living near the Santa Ana Canyon named the wind after the canyon.

6. Climatology Santa Ana winds impact the long term climatology.

7. Climatology Strong events impact more than just the local environment.

8. Climatology Have occurred between September – June –Most occur between October – February Last 1 ½ days on average Average winds 35kts, Gust 50kts canyon winds ~20 events per year Gusts over 100kts possible –Mt Wilson, early 1900’s, Cat 2 Hurricane Strength

9. Climatology Climatology work by Raphael, 2003 Peak in November and December

10. Take a Ride… Typical MSLP pattern  High pressure in eastern deserts and Great Basin –From passing upper-level troughs. H L L

11. Take a Ride… H L Flow tries to maintain geostrophic/cyclostrophic balance … but complex terrain causes air to flow across isobars

12. Take a Ride… 4 major entry points into coastal plain

13. Why So Hot and Dry? Great Basin: elevation 4000- 6000 feet –Tonopah: 5426 ft. Air compresses along the way. –Warming ~ 5.4 oF per 1000ft –~30 oF warming potential –Beaches often warmest Relative Humidity ~ inverse temperature

14. Why So Windy? Strongest winds often seen below passes and canyons. –Conservation of Mass & The Bernoulli Effect –Area decreases  velocity increases

15. Why So Windy? During strong Santa Ana events, intense winds felt throughout the leeside of the Southern California mountains –Strong event  large airmass –Flow spills over mountains –Downslope wind amplification Often surface winds are stronger than aloft Energy source needed to accelerate wind

16. Three Theories 1.Hydraulic Jump Theory - Long, 1954; Durran, 1986 2.Gravity Wave Reflection - Klemp and Lilly, 1975 3.Breaking Wave Trapping - Clark and Peltier, 1977; Durran and Klemp, 1987

17. Hydraulic Jump What Panu said… Supercritical Fr > 1 Subcritical Fr < 1 Hydraulic Jump Fluid Transition Fr = U / (gH) 1/2

18. Gravity Wave Reflection Vertically propagating GWs formed by downslope flow … regions of strong stability (Scorer Number) gradients reflect them back toward the surface …mountain wave amplification by superposition.

19. Breaking Waves Vertically propagating GWs formed by downslope flow …critical layers formed by intense GWs that break …critical layer regions trap and reflect them back toward the surface

20. Forecasting All 3 models rely on the presence of an inversion layer or strong static stability. Strong events that lead to downsloping winds usually has strong winds aloft. …often called “upper level support”

21. Warnings… Constantly improving observational network …in strategic locations.

22. Merry Christmas