1. Application Timing for Maximum Efficacy of Insecticides to Control European and Common Crane Fly Larvae in the Pacific Northwest G.K. Stahnke, A.L. Antonelli, E.D. Miltner, M. J. Johns, P.R. Corpuz and N.P. Aviles

2. T. Paludosa Meigen female Found in WA in 1967 and moved south to northern California by 1999 T. Oleracea L. female Found in WA in 1998 and in Quebec, Canada in 2004

3. Slide of locations 2005 Crane Fly Larval Locations in United States and Canada Ontario WA OR CA AL VA BC v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v TX Toronto Quebec Quebec City

4. Common Crane Fly Oviposition Common Crane Fly Oviposition

5. Crane fly core sampling to make larval counts

6. Crane Fly Larvae Reduction Trials Timing for Applications: 1.Oviposition for European Crane Fly (ECF) egg to 1 st instar; CCF – 2 nd to 3 rd instar (September 15) 2.ECF – 1 st instar to 2 nd instar; CCF- egg to 1 st instar (November 15) 3.ECF – Late 3 rd instar; CCF- 4 th instar, adult to egg lay (February to March 15) Applications made with CO 2 sprayer with 8003 flat fan nozzles. 207 KPa and a spray volume of 0.12 L m -2.

7. Table 1. Oviposition timing for control of larval crane flies on colonial bentgrass (25 Sept. 2001) RateAvg. crane fly Treatment Formulationkg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Untreated 280.5 a Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 132.0 ab Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.28 78.3 b Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 78.3 b Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 45.4 b Imidacloprid 0.2 0.37 33.0 b LSD 179.0 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

8. Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Beauveria bassiana JW1 7.2FL 7.42x10 10† 1154.6 a ‡ Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.28 816.7 ab Untreated 808.1 b Beauveria bassiana JW1 § 7.2FL 7.42x10 10† 762.9 bc Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 713.4 bcd Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 705.9 bcd LSD 340.0 † Rate is expressed as spores ha -1 (2.3 x 10 7 spores ml -1 of product) ‡ Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05). § 2 apps. 10 days apart

9. Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000) (cont’d. 1) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.37 697.3 bcd Beauveria bassiana JW1 § 7.2FL 3.71x10 10† 717.7 bcde Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.34 614.4 bcde Trichlorfon 1.5G 1.69 557.4 bcdef Pyriproxyfen 11.2EC 0.20 535.9 bcdef Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.10 524.0 bcdef Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.44 458.4 cdef LSD 340.0 † Rate is expressed as spores ha -1 (2.3 x 10 7 spores ml -1 of product)

10. Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000) (cont’d. 2) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Trichlorfon 6.2G 6.08 404.6 def Lambda-cyhalothrin 10WP 0.13 326.0 efg Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 313.1 efg Bifenthrin (Talstar FL) 7.9FL 0.25 280.8 efg Acephate (97) 97WG 4.13 231.3 fg Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 0.45 40.9 g Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 21.5 g LSD 340.0

11. Table 3. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (20 Nov. 2001) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.44 1006.4 a † Halofenozide 22.3FL 1.78 1002.3 a Methoprene 20EC 0.64 886.8 ab Fluvalinate 0.2G 0.18 874.5 ab Halofenozide 1.5G 2.21 800.2 abc Cyfluthrin 0.75EW 0.14 791.9 abc Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.34 746.7 abc Halofenozide 1.5G 1.69 705.3 abc LSD 359.4 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

12. Table 3. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (20 Nov. 2001) (cont’d.) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 635.2 bc Acephate (97) 97WG 4.13 618.7 bc Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 610.4 bc Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 606.3 bc Untreated 594.0 bc Lambda-cyhalothrin 10WP 0.13 507.3 c Bifenthrin (Talstar FL) 0.2FL 0.45 82.5 d Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.45 41.2 d Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 8.3 d LSD 359.4

13. Table 4. Spring crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Jan. 2004) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Untreated 107.6 a † Carbaryl (Sevin SL) 43FL 9.0 32.3 b Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2G 0.45 20.4 b Bifenthrin (One) 7.9GL 0.22 20.4 b Bifenthrin (One) 7.9FL 0.11 19.4 b Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2G 0.22 16.1 b Chlorpyrifos(Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 11.8 b Bifenthrin (Onyx) 23.3EC 0.11 4.3 b Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.45 4.3 b Bifenthrin (Onyx) 23.3EC 0.22 4.3 b Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.22 0.0 b LSD 33.1 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

14. Table 5. Spring crane fly larval control colonial bentgrass- annual bluegrass-perennial ryegrass (18Feb. 2002) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Untreated 268.1 a † Acephate 97 WG 4.13 226.8 ab Carbaryl ( Sevin SL) 43 SL 4.5 107.3 bc Carbaryl (Sevin SL) 43 SL 9.0 41.2 c Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 G 0.45 24.8 c Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4 EC 1.12 20.7 c LSD 120.5 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

15. Table 6. Spring crane fly larval control colonial bentgrass- annual bluegrass-perennial ryegrass (5 Mar. 2002) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulationkg ai ha –1 larvae m -2 Untreated 173.2 a † Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2 G 0.45 24.8 b LSD 125.9 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

16. Table 7. Spring crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Mar. 2001) Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m –2 Untreated 123.7 a † Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 10 WP 0.13 78.6 Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 G 0.45 40.9 b LSD 51.2 † Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).

17. Summary 1.At oviposition, imidacloprid (0.28 and0.37 kg ai ha -1), cyfluthrin and thiamethoxam, significantly reduced larval numbers by 72, 88,84 and 72%, respectively. 2.Late fall applications (Nov.) of imidacloprid (0.44kg at ha -1 ), trichlorfon, lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and acephate provided significant larval reduction. 3.Early spring applications (Jan.-Feb) of bifenthrin (both granular and liquid forms) and carbaryl (9.0 kg ai ha -1 ), reduced larvae by 93 to 85%, respectively. 4.Late spring applications of bifenthrin (early March) reduced larval numbers by 86%, while mid-March applications only reduced larval numbers by 67%.

18. Conclusions For unthrifty and newly established turfgrass areas, which are more susceptible to ECF and CCF damage, an application of imidacloprid would be effective in reducing larval populations in September at oviposition. Healthy, established turfgrass can be monitored in late fall or early spring for larval numbers above the threshold of 269 m -2, with an application of bifenthrin or the higher rate of carbaryl applied to reduce larval populations to limit damage to the turfgrass.

19. Happy Trails!!!