1. English Lexicography

2. Historical development of Lexicography as a linguistic science
Some debatable problems of lexicography
Types of Dictionaries

3. Lexicography is the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries
a branch of applied linguistics

4. Dictionary
a book listing words of a language with their meanings and often with data regarding pronunciation, usage and/or origin

5. Metalanguage a language used to make statements about other languages.
it can refer to any terminology or language used to discuss language itself - a written grammar, for example, or a discussion about language use.

6. Historical development of English lexicography
Old English period – glosses of religious books with translation from Latin
the 15th century – regular bilingual English-Latin dictionaries

7. Historical development of English lexicography
1604 – “A Table Alphabeticall, containing and teaching the true writing and understanding of hard usuall English words borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, and French”
first unilingual dictionary explaining 3000 words by English equivalents (Robert Cawdrey)

8. Historical development of English lexicography
1721 – “Universal Etymological Dictionary”
first etymological dictionary, explained etymology of words and included pronunciation (Nathaniel Bailey)

9. Historical development of English lexicography
1775 – explanatory dictionary by Dr Samuel Johnson
words were illustrated by examples from English literature
pronunciation was not included
helped to preserve the English spelling in its conservative form

10. Historical development of English lexicography
1780 – first pronouncing dictionary (Thomas Sheridan)
1791 – “The Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language” (John Walker)

11. Historical development of English lexicography
– New English Dictionary (NED), 12 volumes, included all words existing in the language
1933 – Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 13 volumes
includes spellings, pronunciations, detailed etymologies, quotations

12. Historical development of English lexicography
“A Shorter Oxford Dictionary”, 2 volumes, smaller number of quotations
1911 – “The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English”, contained only word of current usage, no quotations

13. Historical development of English lexicography
“English Dialect Dictionary” by Joseph Wright

14. Historical development of American lexicography
1798 – “A School Dictionary” (Samuel Johnson Jr.)
1828 – “American Dictionary of the English Language” (Noah Webster)
attempts to simplify the spelling and pronunciation
provides definitions, etymology, explanations about things named

15. Historical development of American lexicography
“Century Dictionary”
1895 – “Funk and Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary”
1967 – “Random House Dictionary of the English Language”

16. Main Problems of Lexicography
number of dictionary entries
selection of head words
arrangement and contents of the vocabulary entry
definitions in a unilingual dictionary

17. Number of dictionary entries and selection of head words
phraseological units (e.g. It is the early bird that catches the worm, at length)
homonyms (e.g. to work – work)
occasional or nonce words (e.g. footballer)

18. Arrangement of the vocabulary entry
sequence of meanings of a polysemantic word

19. Contents of the vocabulary entries
distribution of a word: part of speech, grammatical peculiarities, syntactical distribution
stylistical reference and emotive colouring

20. Definitions in a unilingual dictionary
synonyms
linguistic definitions – concerned with words as speech material (lexical data) – British dictionaries
encyclopedic definitions – concerned with things for which the words are names (realia) – American dictionaries
examples (context)

21. Types of English Dictionaries
Encyclopedic – thing-books dealing with concepts (objects and phenomena, their origin and development, etc.)
e.g. influenza – causes, symptoms, treatments and remedies, etc.

22. Types of English Dictionaries
Linguistic – word-books dealing with vocabulary units (semantic structure, usage, etc.)
e.g. influenza – spelling, pronunciation, grammar characteristics, derivatives, synonyms, etc.

23. Types of Linguistic Dictionaries

24. General Dictionaries
present a wide range of data about the vocabulary items in ordinary use
Webster’s New International Dictionary, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Current English

25. Explanatory (Unilingual) Dictionary
spelling and pronunciation
grammatical characteristics (part of speech, (in)transitivity, irregular forms)
meanings (extended definitions or synonyms)

26. Explanatory (Unilingual) Dictionary
illustrative examples (citations from literary sources, sentences invented by compilers)
derivatives (grouped in one entry or in separate)
phraseology, etymology, synonyms and antonyms

27. Translation (Bilingual) Dictionary
contain vocabulary items in one language and their equivalents in another language
main problem – to ensure adequate translation

28. Special Dictionaries
cover only a specific part of the vocabulary (synonyms, antonyms, phraseology, neologisms, terms, etc.)
provide information limited to one particular aspect (collocability, word-frequency, etymology, pronunciation, etc.)

29. Dictionaries of Synonyms
A Dictionary of English Synonyms and Synonymous Expressions (R. Soule)
Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms

30. Phraseological Dictionaries
The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs
Book of English Idioms (V.H. Collins)
An Anglo-Russian Phraseological Dictionary (A.V. Koonin)

31. Ideological Dictionary
words are arranged not alphabetically
words are grouped according to their semantic fields
designed for English-speaking writes, translators
Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (P.M. Roget)