1. CIT 590 Intro to Programming Lecture 7

2. Agenda Configuring IDLE (now that your code is getting huge) Exceptions Testing for exceptions – the weird self.assertRaises Dictionaries

3. Error handling Raise def defensiveWithdraw (amount, balance): if balance < amount: raise ValueError, "insufficient funds" balance -= amount

4. Testing our error checking. How? Unit Test!!! self.assertRaises The syntax is a little weird Argument 1 – type of error you are asserting gets raised Argument 2 – the function name (name only!) Argument 3 – the arguments to the function

5. Dictionary Dictionaries consist of key, value pairs Also know as Hashmaps, associative arrays in other languages Initialized with dictionary = {} And then we can add key, value pairs as follows dictionary[‘name’] = ‘Arvind’ dictionary[‘age’] = 92 Very efficient way of storing sparse data A lot of matrices and vectors that come up in probability are sparse, so you could use an integer key and store values in that manner

6. Live coding – word count example See wordCounter.py in the repository Modifications will be made in class We will also write unit tests with dictionaries

7. Dictionary update operation. Copying dictionaries dict_one = {‘abc’: 3, ‘def’:7, ‘xyz’: 9} dict_two = {‘def’: 5, ‘pdq’ : 4} dict_one.update(dict_two) As with lists or for that matter any kind of assignment, you need to be careful when you do assignment, since that is done by reference So dict1 = dict2 will make both dictionaries refer to the same value If you want to make what is generally called a ‘shallow copy’, you need to use the copy method dict 2 = dict1.copy()

8. Altering dictionaries by passing them into functions Remember that arguments are passed into functions by reference, so you could get some unintended consequences if you are not careful Similar to lists, dictionaries are passed ‘by reference’ to functions

9. Initializing a dictionary version 2 The dict() function can convert a list of 2 element tuples into dictionaries Very useful when you want to initialize a dictionary by using 2 lists, one of which has keys = [‘Arvind’, ‘Aashish’] values = [33, 28] dict(zip(keys, values))

10. Looping over a dictionary For e in dict: This will loop over the keys For e in dict.values(): As is somewhat obvious, this will loop over the values Since there is no guarantee about what order the keys are looped over, you might sometimes want to call the sorted function

11. Persistent variables The shelve module allows data to persist without using explicit file commands import shelve Data = shelve.open(“database”) this will make an implicit file called database And then data from that point can basically be treated just as any other dictionary Remember to close the shelf before quitting by using Data.close()

12. The internal dictionaries Python maintains its own dictionaries for your variables Locals() gives you the local variables Correspondingly global() gives you the global variables