1. Proteins and Enzymes Unit 3, Notes #3
Biology
Proteins and Enzymes
Unit 3, Notes #3

2. Review Organic Compound contain __________
Carbon!
Organic Compound contain __________
Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

3. Review- Carbs Carbohydrates are sugars (immediate NRG) C:H:O is 1:2:1
Building blocks = monosacharides
Single saccharride molecules
Glucose, fructose, ribose, etc
Disaccharides – 2 monos combined
Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (in milk)
Block Tower = polysaccarhides
Starch (created by plants), cellulose,
Glycogen – made by muscles and liver from cellulose

4. Review - Lipids Lipids (Fats) Monomer: Fatty Acid Polymer: Lipid
Structure: Fatty Acids
bonded to compounds
such as glycerol
(carbon, hydrogen and oxygen!)
Most Common lipids: Fats,
Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes
Glycerol molecule

5. Review - Lipids Fats and Oils = long term energy storage
Carbs can be turned into lipids to be stored as energy for much later use
Overall, they yield less energy than carbs
Saturated – animal fats, all single C-C bonds
Unsaturated – plants, at least one double C=C bond
Waxes – repel water (plants and animals can produce this)
Phospholipids – cell membranes
Cholesterol – too much is BAD

6. Proteins

7. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions
leucine
valine
glycine
alanine
leucine
leucine
histi-
dine
aspara-
gine
serine
proline
= protein A
valine
leucine
glycine
alanine
leucine
leucine
histi-
dine
aspara-
gine
serine
proline
= protein B
Amino acid (monomer)
leucine
valine
glycine
alanine
leucine
leucine
= protein C
Used in variety of cellular functions
Made of smaller amino acids
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Protein, held together by peptide bonds
Only 20 amino acids… but thousands of proteins
Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein

8. . . Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom
2) Amino group (NH2)
3) H
4) Carboxyl group (COOH)
5) R group . .
Only 20 amino acids…
Each has different R group

9. What differs between these 6 amino acids?
Each “R” group is different

10. Proteins C, H, O, N, Sulfur and Phosphorous
“building blocks” of organisms
Functions of proteins:
Movement- Muscle fibers
Structure- cartilage, bones, tendons
Regulation-control chemical reactions
Transport- hemoglobin carries O2
Defense – antibodies are proteins that fight off bacteria and viruses

11. Review What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called?
How many different amino acids exist?
How does each amino acid differ?
The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.
The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.

12. Chemical Reactions
Reactants
Products
Change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds
Reactants are the substances changed during a chemical reaction.
Products are the substances made by a chemical reaction

13. Type of Protein - enzyme
Increases the speed of specific chemical reactions so they happen faster! Does this by lowering the energy it takes for the rxn to happen
Breaking down food
Build needed molecules
“catalyst” – something that speeds up a reaction
They can work inside cells and outside cells
Sensitive to pH and temperature
ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work
Ex. Cooking “denatures” enzymes
Reusable
Helps to maintain homeostasis

14. Type of Protein - enzyme
Vocab:
Catalyst – anything that speeds up a rxn
Enzyme – proteins that lower the energy it takes for a chemical rxn to happen
Substrate – compounds put together (synthesized) OR broken down by enzymes
Coenzyme – a 2nd enzyme needed to help do the job

15. Another Enzyme Structure
Lock and Key Model Analogy

16. Review
Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O
Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?
What are the molecules called that react with enzymes?
What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called?
What is another term for a catalyst?
What can cause an enzyme to stop functioning?
What do enzymes weaken between molecules?