2. Grade 8 A.Koresh

3. What is an Artifact? According to Merriam Webster an artifact is something created by humans usually for a practical purpose, especially an object from a particular period such as Navajo, Casa Grande, and Poverty Point. A pot from Casa Grande

4. Navajo is located in Arizona

5. Casa Grande Ruins is located in Arizona

6. Poverty Point is located in Northern Louisiana

7. Navajo People Called themselves “Dine” or “The people” Lived in the area for 400 year Spanish explores called them “Apache de Navajo” which means “Apache of the Cultivated Fields” Today about 165,000 people live there Nation governed by an elected tribal council chairman Council made up of representatives by the various districts Community divided up by chapters In heavily populated areas people have meetings/activities in houses Have always been democratic with no leader

8. Window Rock, Arizona Capital of Navajo nation Today people enjoy drawing or taking pictures of the land Years ago that would not have been tolerated Today people ask permission If no permission is asked the person drawing or taking the picture is fined

9. Navajo Art Extraordinary artists Women wove beautiful blankets that expressed warmth, earth colors, and unique designs Designs depicted earth like patterns or spiritual figure Traditionally made Jewelry should exhibit natural metal and stones Pottery designs should display proportion and balance Weaving should reflect quality, balance, and design Baskets should be woven with natural material

10. Navajo Art rug sand art drawing jewelry

11. Navajo Art Continued blanket jewelry rug

12. People of Casa Grande Called the Sonoran People Descended from an early hunting/gathering “Archaic” culture in 5,500 BP Stop hunting and gathering and introduced corn and other agriculture Took time to adapt to dry climate By 300 present the people developed “red-on-buff” potter Brought water from farther distances with the use of canals Red-on-buff pottery

13. Plants Sonoran People Domesticated Corn Squash Beans Cactus Fruit Pods Buds Agave Hearts Mesquite Beans Medicinal Creosale Bush Cactus Fruit

14. Local Game At Casa Grande Birds Squirrels Rabbits Snakes Lizards Fish Clams Mule Big Horn Sheep

15. Items Traded to Sororan People Turquoise Pottery Pinyon Nuts Volcanic Glass Sea Shells Copper Bells Iron Pyrite Mirrors Parrots Pinyon Nuts

16. Items Sororan People Traded to Other Communities Crops Shell Jewelry Pottery Irrigation System Shell Jewelry

17. Sororan History Invented a ball game with courts and rubber balls First used pit houses Then found a concrete like mixture and made rectangular houses called caliche By 1100 present platforms mounds were built Villages were organized Caliches were built in compounds and that is what Casa Grande looks like today Casa Grande was built in 1300 Well organized building, required lots of material, and corroboration

18. Population Downfall in Casa Grande Drought Flood Disease Invasion Earthquakes Internal Strife Salty Farmland Modern Day Casa Grande

19. Casa Grande Art Caliche-flat house compound Pot Necklace

20. Poverty Point Located in lower Mississippi Valley of Louisiana Near Gulf Coast and the convergence of six rivers Large and influential Was the example for many other places Earth moving to shape the land began around 1500 B.P. Structure built and enlarged for several years Finally done at 1,000 B.C. Aisle like areas served as living areas Mound A is the largest and measures to 70 feet Mound A is shaped similar to a bird

21. Mound A

22. Poverty Point Artifacts Chipped Stone Projectiles Tools Stone Plummets Gorgets Vessels Shell and Stone Beads Hand Molded Clay Figurines Cooking Balls Ornaments Thick Walled Pottery Spear Points Adzes Hoes Drills Perforators Animal Figurines

23. Beads and Animal Figurines Projectiles, Spear Points, and Beads

24. Imported Minerals and Rocks Cherts Soapstone Hermantite Magnetite Slate Galena Copper Many Others Chert