1. Ajay Kumar Singh CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad - 826015 Technological Integration of UCG and CBM to Harness the Energy Resources: A Conceptual Thought COAL ASIA: 2012 New Delhi 28 February 2012

2. RANIGANJ FM. OF RANIGANJ & JHARIA COALFIELDS BARAKAR FM. OF SATPURA, SOHAGPUR, WARDHA, GODAVARI, SONHAT COALFIELDS BARAKAR FM. OF JHARIA, RANIGANJ, EAST BOKARO & KARANPURA COALFIELDS COAL RANK (ASTM) THERMAL MATURITY (Ro%) GAS GENERATION & ADSORPTION 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 1.1% 1.5% 2.0% 2.6% THERMAL GENERATION ADSORPTIO N CAPACITY BITUMINOUS RANKSBITUMINOUS RANKS LIGNITE SUB BITUMINOUS A.B.C. HIGH VOLATILE C HIGH VOLATILE B HIGH VOLATILE A MEDIUM VOLATILE LOW VOLATILE SEMI ANTHRACITE ANTHRACITE META ANTHRACITE 60002000 0 SCF / T GROUP B GROUP A BARMER, CAMBAY, MANNARGUADI LIGNITE BASINS GROUP C BIOGENIC & MIXED GAS COAL RANK, GAS GENERATION AND ADSORPTION

3. Dual Porosity of Coal Microscopic view of the Micropores structure of coal Fracture system, cleats in coal

4. Transport of Gas

5. Floor NOT TO SCALE 2m Roof 4.2m Cover

6. CBM Industry The CBM industry is an outgrowth of the coal mining industry. Methane in coal has always been considered a safety hazard in u/g mining. With exploitation deeper coal seams, there came the need to degasify the coal seams ahead of mining. Attempts to degasify coal led to the development CBM.

7. Gas Water Typical VCBM Well in Production

8. UCG is the partial combustion of coal below ground to produce a combustible gas known as syn-gas for use as an energy source. It is achieved by drilling two wells from the surface, one to supply air/oxygen; another well to produce syn-gas to the surface. Apart from syn-gas, by-products are hydrocarbon liquids, ammonia and water Raw Combustible UCG Gas Ground Level Water Table Overburden Coal Air Clay Under burden Residue Oxidisation Process Raw Gas What is UCG?

9. UCG World wide

10. OPEN CAST LIGNITE MINE, ANGREN UCG operation near the mine site, Angren UCG - TECHNOLOGY IN OPERATION FOR THE PAST 45 YEARS – near OC mine Uzbekistan: UCG is in progress on commercial scale, where the gas is being fed into a boiler of 100 MW power plant Russia : Skochinsky Institute of Mining, Moscow developed UCG technology for the erstwhile USSR countries

11. GAS COMPOSITION (vol.%) CO 2 - 20-22 CO - 4.0-6.0 O 2 - 0.3-0.5 H 2 S - 0.5-0.6 H 2 - 22.0-22.4 CH 4 - 2.2-4.0 C m H n - 0.2-0.3 N 2 - 50.6-44. MAIN TECHNICAL DATA ON THE STATION · Depth of coal seam occurrence, m · Coal seam thickness, m · Heat value of coal, kcal/kg · Ash content of coal, % · Moisture content of coal, % · Hole diameter, mm · Heat value of gas, kcal/m 3 · Chemical efficiency of gasification, % · Underground loss of coal, % · Gas yield per 1 kg coal, m 3 · Air consumption per 1 m 3 gas, m 3 -130-250 - 2-15 - 2800-3200 - 15-21 - 30-35 - 140-200 - 800-1000 - 70-85 - 5-18 - 1.8-2.2 - 0.74-0.83

12. USA: Extensive UCG tests were undertaken in 1960’s to 80’s through the joint efforts of the industry, research institutes and the Government. The latest field experiment was conducted near Hanna, Wyoming in 1987-88, known as Rocky Mountain 1 (RM 1):   The test results were environmentally accepted   Hanna coals have similarity to the low rank Indian lignites   Interest in UCG is renewed due to high cost of crude oil & pilot plants have been planned with the assistance of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) CHINA: More than dozen operations particularly in abandoned mines. EUROPEAN UNION: UCG trials in deeper coals with the aim to utilize offshore coal seams. 18 Licenses issued

13. Australia: Demonstration plant producing UCG gas since 1999 at Chinchilla, West of Brisbane   Longest burn outside Former Soviet Union   Operations conforming to Strict Australian Environmental Standards   Successfully demonstrated controlled shut-down and re-start of UCG   Project anticipates low cost of power generation   Planning for conversion of syn-gas to hydrocarbon liquids (CTL)

14. THE CHINCHILLA SITE IS OPERATING ALONGSIDE EXISTING RURAL POPULATION Australian UCG Project, Chinchilla

15. UCG fuel costs for 47 MW 6B GT shall be (2002) – –cost Capex US$ 10 million (including of Pilot Burn) – –Operating cost US$ 0.5 million/ year – –UCG costs less than US cent 50/ MMBtu Estimates for 67 MW CC power – –Capex US$ 30 million – –Operating cost $ 1.2 million per year – – Cost of electricity US cent 1.5/ kWh Assumptions: USD 0.54 per AUS $ 1.0, Company I tax 30% Inflation 2% on rev. 3% on costs, Capex written off in 25 y Revenue from by products not attributed AUSTRALIA UCG PROJECT, CHINCHILLA SITE COST ESTIMATES

16. Current Commercial Operations   Angren in Uzbekistan Since 1945 supplying gas to a boiler of a Power plant   Chinchilla, west of Brisbane, Australia Since 1999. Preparing for CTL   Majuba, South Africa Since January 2007

17. UCG efforts in India 1. MEHASANA, GUJARAT – in 1980`s ONGC, CMPDI, National laboratories, Govt. of India and Coal India Two R&D wells were drilled to collect preliminary data Active aquifer (permeability – 1 Darcy) found in proximity of lignite at a depth of 1000 m Project abandoned 2. Merta Road, Rajasthan – late 1980`s CMPDI and Russian experts; Few boreholes drilled Project abandoned as active aquifer in proximity to lignite 3. Bihar (Now Jharkhnad) – late 1980`s CMPDI and Russian experts Resource information collected; however project abandoned 4. Gas Authority of India, Rajasthan – since 1998 MOU between Govt. of Rajasthan (GOR) and GAIL for UCG. 1691 Sq.KM area identified for UCG. No action till 2008. GOR issued fresh notification, inviting private/state sector for UCG 5. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd. (NLC) – since 2002 Govt. of India provided grant of Rs. 10 Cr for undertaking UCG pilot Area also allotted in Dist. Bikaner - Project not initiated due to lack of technical expertise

18. Technologies for UCG Two different methods of UCG have been proved: Both are commercially available   The first, based on technology from the former Soviet Union, uses vertical wells and a method like reverse combustion to open up the internal pathways in the coal. The process has been tested (1999-2003) in Chinchilla, Australia using air as the injected oxidant.   The second, tested in European and American coal seams, creates dedicated inseam boreholes, using drilling and completion technology adapted from oil and gas production. It has a moveable injection point known as CRIP (controlled retraction injection point) and generally uses oxygen or enriched air for gasification.

20. Why to blend the two technologies? Both are related to Coal Measures Generally both are operated below mineable depth (A policy constraint to go below ~600m depth for CBM and UCG in Indian context) Vast reserve of coal below mineable depth CBM- A Physical Separation UCG- A Chemical Transformation To recover maximum out of otherwise irrecoverable coal Both are environmentally safe Aesthetic beauty of the landscapes is maintained To reduce the capital investment and operational cost further

21. Drilling Technologies Vertical wells Horizontal, multilateral wells

22. CBM/UCG and Directional Drilling

23. Managing Environment Integrated site characterisation Numerical modelling Produced Water Subsidence Field monitoring

24. From Borehole to Numerical Model

25. Blending CBM- UCG Corprate: Reliance, ESSAR, Abhijeet, GEECL etc. PSU: ONGC, GAIL, CIL, NTPC, BHEL etc. Government : Planning Commission MoPNG, MoC R & D: CIMFR, NGRI, ISM, IITs DOE, LLNL etc.

26. Facilities at CIMFR: Gas Chromatograph

30. Characterisation of resource on chemical and petrographic parameters at exploration stage EMERGING POSSIBILITIES OF UCG requires for Optimal utilisation of resource both at short and long term perspective

31.   Moisture < 2% to 6%   Volatile - <18 to 35%   Carbon - 85 to 90% (on dmf basis)   Ash - 15 to 30% (excluding dirt bands)   Coking properties (eastern CFs of Damodar Valley basins)   Coke type - D to G 6 or better General characters of Barakar coal

32.   High moisture   High Volatile   Coal seams thinner than those of Barakar   Best developed in Raniganj coalfield General characters of Raniganj coal

33. FORMATION Intrusives Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir BasementTHICKNESS 725m 850m 1130m 225m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 22 (0.1m-4.7m) 46 (0.3m-33.0m) JHARIA COALFIELD COAL RESOURCE 0-600m -- 14.2 bt 600m-1200m -- 5.2 bt 0 – 1200m – 19.4 bt Salient features Deeper level

34. Raniganj Coalfield: Cumulative coal thickness (42.27m) and development of thicker seams(9.77m)

35. EAST BOKARO COALFIELD FORMATION Mahadeva Panchet Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir Basement THICKNESS 500m 600m 500m 1000m 80m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 7 (0.4m-3.0m) 26 (0.4m-63.9m) COAL RESOURCE 0-300m -- 3.2 bt 300m-600m -- 1.5 bt 600m-1200m -- 2.3 bt 0 – 1200m -- 7.0 bt Salient features Deeper level

36. FORMATION Mahadeva Panchet Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Karharbari Talchir Basement THICKNESS 165m 225m 400m 385m 500m 200m 180m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness thin bands 5 (0.5m-35.2m) 1 (0.5m-10.5m) COAL RESOURCE 0-300m -- 10.3 bt 300m-600m -- 4.3 bt 0 – 1200m – 14.6 bt Salient features NORTH KARANPURA COALFIELD Deeper level

37. SOUTH KARANPURA COALFIELD FORMATION Raniganj Barren Measures Barakar Talchir BasementTHICKNESS 360m 385m 1050m 180m -- COAL SEAMS No Thickness 7 (0.8m-3.3m) 42 (0.5m-54.2m) COAL RESOURCE 0-300m -- 3.3 bt 300m-600m -- 1.8 bt 600m-1200m -- 0.9 bt 0 – 1200m – 6.0 bt Salient features Deeper level

38. Thank you for your Attention….. Ajay Kumar Singh CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad - 826015 ajay@cimfr@res.inajay.cimfr@gmail.com