1. Geometrical model of the Baltic artesian basin Juris Sennikovs, Janis Virbulis, and Uldis Bethers Laboratory for Mathematical Modelling of Environmental and Technological Processes UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

2. Contents of presentation 1.Description of Baltic artesian basin 2.Algorithms of geometrical structure model 3.Highlights of geometrical structure 4.Examples of groundwater flow model results 5.Summary Motivation There exist several local modelling studies of ground water flow for the parts of the Baltic artesian basin (BAB) The aim of the present work is the development of a closed hydrogeological mathematical model of the whole BAB This presentation focuses on the development of the geometrical model of the BAB

3. Baltic artesian basin (BAB) is a multi-layered and complex hydrogeological system up to 5000 m deep BAB fully covers the territory of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, parts of Poland, Russia, Belarus as well as large area of the Baltic Sea, including island of Gotland. It is the main drinking water source in the Baltic countries Depth ~5000 m Crystalline bedding reaches surface Area of study Depth <500 m Area - 484000 km 2 Volume - 579000 km 3 Average thickness- 1.2 km

4. Information base Geometry model Hydrogeological model Closed 3D spatial model, which includes geological structure and properties of geological materials Geological data Monitoring data Geological data Monitoring data Objects(layers, faults, materials) Automatic mesh generation Stratigraphy (hronological generation) Objects(layers, faults, materials) Automatic mesh generation Stratigraphy (hronological generation) input update storage access remote access(web) input update storage access remote access(web) 3D mesh equations numerical method boundary conditions calibration solutions 3D mesh equations numerical method boundary conditions calibration solutions Result: groundwater flow in BAB Scheme of integrated model system development

5. Data sources 1.Stratigraphic information from boreholes in Latvia and Estonia 2.Maps of height isolines of geological layers for Latvia and Lithuania 3.Maps of sub-quaternary deposits in Latvia and Lithuania 4.Maps of fault lines on the crystalline basement surface in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia 5.Buried valley data from Latvia and Estonia 6.Earth topography data 7.Baltic sea depth data 8.Data from published geological cross-sections, information from books and other sources. Unification of the heterogeneous information from different sources with uneven data coverage, are performed. Algorithms are developed for this purpose considering the priority, importance and plausibility of each of each data sources in integrating topography and lithology data as well as borehole data

6. Parameters Borderline Isolines Fault lines Database of boreholes Filtering (MySQL) Set of points 3D surface 2D triangulation 2D triangular mesh 3D surface Outer border Set of 3D surfaces Geological stratification Volume mesh Line 3D volume mesh “Law” Table Subquaternary rock data Set of thicknesses Layer thickness DATA/Result Algorithm External sources (models) Model construction algoritms

7. Geometry generation – automated scripting The construction of the geometric mesh is implemented by specially developed script in Python. Scripting has several advantages: 1.flexibility in choosing ways to build the structure; 2.parallelization in developing/updating of different structure elements; 3.documented and repeatable structure building path; 4.possibility to rebuild the structure with slight or significant modifications at any time; 5.possibility to build, and maintain several structures of different complexity simultaneously; 6.extension to the next stages of the model development – calculation of groundwater flows and mass transport and model [auto]calibration.

8. Mesh Edges of triangular mesh coincide with the line data Typical lines Model border Border of the geological material Rivers Finite element (FE) method was employed for the calculation of the 3- dimensional groundwater flows with free surface. 3D mesh was constructed layer- wise. The triangular mesh in horizontal plane was constructed including characteristic lines such as rivers, borders of countries and areas of presence of geological layers. Fault lines are also taken into account considering the displacements along the fault Most of the 3D finite elements are triangular prisms. Pyramids and tetrahedra are used near the fault lines and wedge lines of geological layers.

9. Finite element mesh, view from the top. Higher resolution of mesh in areas with sufficient geological data Mesh Finite element (FE) method was employed for the calculation of the 3- dimensional groundwater flows with free surface. 3D mesh was constructed layer- wise. The triangular mesh in horizontal plane was constructed including characteristic lines such as rivers, borders of countries and areas of presence of geological layers. Fault lines are also taken into account considering the variable displacements along the fault Most of the 3D finite elements are triangular prisms. Pyramids and tetrahedra are used near the fault lines and wedge lines of geological layers.

10. Example of model construction sequence – basement Isolines - Latvia Faults Boreholes - Latvia Isolines - Lithuania

11. Example of model construction sequence – basement Boreholes - Estonia Isolines – Baltic sea Additional data Russia, Belorus Final level data at points

12. Example of model construction sequence – basement Interpolation to 2D mesh Interpolation of faults

13. Geological structure Quaternary Paleogenic/Neogenic Devonian Cambrian Silurian Ordovician Vendian 42 layers Cretaceous Triassic Jurassic Carboniferous Permian Geological structure consists of 42 layers distinguished on the basis of each geological unit hydraulic properties and geological data resolution. The number of layers are allowed to vary across the domain. It includes aquifers and aquitards from Vendian up to the Quaternary deposits. Quaternary sequence is treated as four layer structure with variable number of layers across the domain. Fault displacements are incorporated into the model taking into account data from the published structural maps. Four reconstructed regional erosion surfaces (upper Ordovician, Devonian, Permian and Quaternary) are included into the model.

14. Geological structure Vertical section from soutwest to northeast along line A-B Regional erosion surface Tectonic faults Wedging out of layers Quaternary sequence Distance, km Level, m Vertical exaggeration 200:1

15. Vertical cross section from south to north Distance, km Level, m Vertical exaggeration 300:1 South, Vilnius North, Kohtla-Järve Rīga Devonian Ordovician/Silurian Cambrian/Vendian Quaternary

16. South, Vilnius North, Kohtla-Järve Rīga Distribution of piezometric head in south-north vertical crossection O-S, aquicludes Regional aquiclude D2nr Cm-V aquifers Upper layers Lower Devonian aquifers

17. Distribution of head in D3gj layer, schematic flow directions Main recharge areas Main discharge areas

18. Summary Data for the bulding of regional model of Baltic artesian basin has been collected and prepared Geometry model of the Baltic artesian basin geological structure is developed, consisting of 42 layers 3D finite element mesh for the groundwater flow and mass transport calculations are prepared. Automated script for the generation of the geological structure and 3D finite element mesh was prepared allowing for the paralel, repeatable and documented building of the model. The present work has been funded by the European Social Fund project „Establishment of interdisciplinary scientist group and modelling system for groundwater research” (Project Nr.2009/0212/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/09/APIA/VIAA/060)

19. The present work has been funded by the European Social Fund project „Establishment of interdisciplinary scientist group and modelling system for groundwater research” (Project Nr.2009/0212/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/09/APIA/VIAA/060) Thank You for attention!