1. FOURIER DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POSTERIOR SEGMENT DISORDERS: A REVEALING CASE SERIES OLUFEMI ODERINLO FRCSEd FWACS DRCOphth Consultant Ophthalmologist and Vitreoretina Surgeon EYE FOUNDATION HOSPITAL GROUP

2. INTRODUCTION There are two principles of image acquisition and data processing in OCT: Time domain and Fourier domain algorithms. In time domain OCT, there is a mechanical moving part that performs the A-scan, and the information along the longitudinal direction is accumulated over the course of the longitudinal scan time. Thus, the rate of the scan is limited by the movement of the part.

3. In Fourier domain OCT, the information in an entire A-scan is acquired by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera simultaneously. The A-scan acquisition rate is limited by the CCD camera frame transfer rate and the computer calculation time to perform the Fourier transform of the CCD acquired raw data into A scan information. As there is no mechanical movement, the scan time in Fourier domain OCT is faster. This is an important advancement because faster acquisition time means lesser variability in the result due to the patient’s eye movements. This device has a higher resolution than time domain OCT.

4. OPTOVUE The Fourier domain OCT, RTVue has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It takes 26,000 A-scans per second, with a frame rate of 256 to 4,096 A-scans per frame. It has a depth resolution of 5 μm and a transverse resolution of 15 μm. The scan range is 2 mm to 2.3 mm in depth and 2 mm to 12 mm in transverse direction. The scan beam wavelength is 840 ± 10 nm, and the exposure power at the pupil is 750 μW.

5. Decision making in macula hole

6. CASE 1 36 year old security guard referred for macula hole surgery OD. In good general health. VA 6/12 OD, 6/5 OS Normal anterior segments, pupillary reaction and IOP. Fundus OS normal

7. PSEUDOHOLE Idiopathic Serous Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment. Seen in patients much younger than ARMD definition. Few case reports mostly males 20 – 45 years

8. Pathophysiology a non-specific anatomical alteration that may result from any number of choroidal disorders that disrupt the normal junction between the basement membrane of the RPE and the inner collagenous layer of Bruch’s membrane. Idiopathic cases are sometimes associated with ICSC; some believe these two conditions to represent a continuum of a similar underlying pathology. Uncomplicated idiopathic serous detachments of the RPE often resolve spontaneously, however, those associated with more generalized damage to the choriocapillaris may be complicated by hemorrhage, choroidal neovascular membrane formation, and disciform scarring.

9. MORPHOLOGY: to the fundus photo a hole is a hole

10. HOLE MORPHOLOGY

11. MEASUREMENTS (a) base diameter, (b) minimum linear dimension (c) and (d) arms for measuring hole form factor (e) hole height (f) macular hole inner opening. Hole form factor ¼ (c+d)/a; Macular hole index ¼ e/a; Tractional hole index ¼ e/b.

12. stage Modified Gass classification system of macular holes. Stage Description Stage 1a Yellow spot with loss of foveal depression, no vitreous separation Stage 1b Yellow ring with loss of foveal depression, no vitreous separation Stage 2 Small full-thickness macular hole < 400 microns Stage 3 Full-thickness macular hole > 400 microns, no vitreous separation Stage 4 Full-thickness macular hole > 400 microns, complete vitreous separation

13. HFF

14. In all patients (100%) with HFF >0.9 the macular hole was closed following one surgical procedure, whereas in eyes with HFF <0.5 anatomical success rate was 67%. Better postoperative visual outcome correlated with higher HFF.

15. GCC

16. Hole closure type Closed macular holes are categorised into two patterns based on OCT; type 1 closure (closed without foveal neurosensory retinal defect) type 2 closure (closed with foveal neurosensory retinal defect).

17. CASE 2 49 year old diabetic with PDR who has had extensive PRP laser.

19. CME/VMT

20. Reason for poor vision in heriditary disorders

21. CASE 3 14 year old girl with nyctalopia and difficulty with reading Suspicious macula, more of an atrophic picture.

22. Fundus

23. FFA

24. Definite CME on FD OCT

25. FFM

26. FD OCT

27. To evaluate unsatisfactory vision after surgery.

28. CASE 4 41 year old phakic myope with a 5 day history of an inferior retinal detachment OS. Round hole at 6 o ‘clock with foveal affectation

29. Had scleral buckle with drainage of subretinal fluid. Retina reattached Vision improved from 6/60 to 6/18, significant improvement in CVF

30. FD OCT Non reflective subfoveal cavity representing subfoveal SRF.

31. CASE 5

32. FD-OCT

33. Fd-OCT CLASSIFICATION FOR CNV Type 1> 90% sub-RPE. Type 2 > 90% sub-retinal. * Minor type 1 component (10% lesion) visualized. † Fibrovascular PED. ‡ Minor type 2 component (10% lesion) visualized. Combined Indeterminate

34. showing a mostly subretinal growth pattern of CNVM in an eye with a minimally classic angiographic lesion composition. the hyperreflective lesion (cnvm)is outlined in gray with the sub-RPE component of the lesion in a lighter shade.

36. WITH FD OCT FOR MACULA LESIONS I CAN SEE CLEARLY NOW.

37. THANK YOU

38. REFERENCES Desai VN, Hee MR, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography of macular holes. In: Madreperla SA, McCuen BW, eds. Macular hole: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann 1999:37–47