1. European History Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther ( ) For in the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 )
European History
Protestant Reformation

2. Childhood & Youth
born Nov. 10, 1483 – Martin Luder, son of copper miner
German
Father worked himself up to middle class -- middle class family
Father was a strict disciplinarian

3. Promise to become a monk
July 2, 1505 near Sotterheim, nearly struck by lightning
cried out to Saint Ann
Promised to be monk if spared
1505 enters Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt

4. Priest & Professor Took vows & ordained 9 months after entering
1 ½ Years of Theological study
Struggled with Scrupulosity: imagining sin where there is none or imagining grave matter where there is none
1512 Doctorate in Theology
Professorship at Wittenberg ( )

5. Luther’s image of God Righteous lawgiver Administer of justice
“severe” image of God (not uncommon at the time)
Believed God would not forgive him
Went to confession many times a day sometimes

6. Luther’s Objections to the Church
Misunderstanding of Divine Justice and man’s sinfulness
The spark: The sale of indulgences…

7. Indulgences as of 1514 Priest at Wittenburg’s City Church
enraged over sale of indulgences and manner in which Tetzel sold them
Luther preaches against the sale of indulgences

8. Indulgences
Pope Leo X needs money to fund construction of St. Peter’s Basilica
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” – Johannes Tetzel
Luther questions the Pope’s authority to maintain the claims of the indulgences and worries that people are actually damning themselves by purchasing them

10. 95 Theses Oct. 31, 1517: posted 95 Theses, Castle Church of Wittenberg
The 95 Theses themselves are not heretical
June 27, 1519 Leipzig Debate – Johannes Eck made it clear to Luther what his 95 Theses and subsequent writings taught or implied= opposition to Church, dismissed Papal authority, dismissed authority of Church councils

11. The Divide Widens…(1520) Address to the Nobility of the German Nation
Political plea in German to German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed church
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Theological tract in Latin attacking sacramental system of the Church has held the real meaning of Christianity captive for thousands of years
On the Freedom of Christian Man
Doctrine of salvation – man is saved by grace and faith alone
“Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works.”

12. Burning the Papal Bull
June 15, 1520 – Papal Bull (Pope Leo X), Luther must recant or be excommunicated – 2 months to decide
Luther protests: burns Bull and Code of Canon Law
Jan. 3, 1521 – Luther is excommunicated
Summoned by Reichstag and Emperor Charles V to Diet of Worms to recant

13. Diet of Worms, Jan. 1521 Luther declared an outlaw
Works should be burned and banned
Warrant for arrest under penalty of death
Luther’s protector Elector Friedrich the Wise of Saxon

14. The Wartburg

15. The Wartburg 1521 Luther goes to Wartburg
in 11 weeks he translates the New Testament, “September Testament”
published in 1522
standardizes the German language

16. Luther returns Returns to Wittenburg
begins seriously writing to spread his beliefs
Dissemination of pamphlets
Help from German princes interested in gaining independence from the Habsburg Emperor

17. Spread of Reform Huldrych Zwingli
Believed that Luther had not gone far enough
Banished images of Christ, saints
Rejected the Eucharist

18. Peasants’ War
1524 peasants led by Thomas Münzer (priest/former Luther follower) demand more just economical conditions
Luther encourages spiritual freedom from despots, not economic or political freedom
Peasants are violently put down on May 15, 1525 (5 – 6,000 killed by Imperial Army)
After 1525, the reform moved out of the realm of religion

19. Luther’s Theology
Luther downplays man’s capacity for theological knowledge and the merit of good works
Luther believed that man cannot do good – he can never overcome his sinfulness
The soul will always remain corrupt
Jesus covers the sin so that one can be saved

20. Luther’s Theology Romans 1:17
Justification through faith alone, no works
4 doctrines from this idea
Sola scriptura – no Tradition
Sola fide – no corporal/spiritual works of mercy
Sola gratia
Solo Christo

21. Luther’s Church 2 sacraments: Baptism and Communion
Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation
“Priesthood of all believers”
No hierarchy w/in the church SO Luther relies on princes and political authorities to help organize and guide the Lutheran church
Social & educational responsibilities taken over by church
Community money box
need for well-educated pastors, teachers, & civil servants
Authorities obligated to provide a good education for the youth

22. Luther marries June 13, 1525 Luther marries Katharina von Bora
Big happy family
6 children, 1 of Katharina’s relatives, 6 of Luther’s sister’s children, student boarders
former nun who had taken refuge in Wittenberg
16 years younger

23. Split of the Holy Roman Empire
After 1525, there are Lutheran states and Catholic states
Charles V tries to bring unity
Truce between factions
Asked for a Church Council]
Tried to establish dialogue with Lutherans
1546 went to war against the Lutheran princes

24. Peace of Augsburg
1555 Charles V hands the war over to his brother Ferdinand
Ferdinand agrees to the Peace of Augsburg
Acknowledges Lutheran as a religious option in the empire
Rulers are free to determine if their realms are Lutheran or Catholic

25. Protestant Reformation across Europe, 1520-1570
Radical reform desired by Anabaptists
Separation of Church and State
Abolish infant baptism
Refused civil obligations (taxes, militia, etc.)
Charles V outlaws Anabaptist beliefs
John Calvin
French
Studied Theology then Law

26. Calvinism Calvin converted to Protestantism
Fled from Paris because of pro Catholic French government
Writes The Institutes of Christian Religion in 1536
Most well known teaching is double predestination
Ruled Geneva

27. Spread of Calvinism Geneva is center
Sent out missionaries throughout Europe
Calvinists in France are Huguenots
Gain adherents in the Netherlands
John Knox takes Calvinism to Scotland in 1558 – Presbyterian

28. Reform in England Henry VIII is king
In 1521 he publishes a treatise against Lutheranism
Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn (already married to Catherine of Aragon)
Asks for annulment
NO from the Pope
YES from Archbishop of Canterbury

29. Henry VIII Married Anne Boleyn Pope excommunicated him
Henry responded with The Act of Supremacy
“the supreme head on earth of the Church in England”

30. Reform in England 1547 Henry VIII is succeed by his only son Edward VI
1553 Edward VI dies
Mary (Henry and Catherine’s daughter) succeeded Edward VI
She is Catholic & restores Catholicism in England
Executed 300+ Protestants – “Bloody Mary”

31. Reform in England 1558 Mary died childless
Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn) succeeded Mary
She is Protestant
1571 declares official Theology of the Church in England (39 Articles)